| Profitability | 61/100 |
| Growth | 59/100 |
| Momentum | 85/100 |
| Quality | 81/100 |
| Earnings Quality | 89/100 |
| Balance Sheet | 45/100 |
| Value | 83/100 |
| Risk (safety) | 90/100 |
| Overall | 63.4/100 |
| Symbol | IS Score |
|---|---|
| AXP | 56 |
| PYPL | 64 |
| MA | 77 |
| SYF | 56 |
| GPN | 23 |
| AFRM | 67 |
| COF | 63 |
Both readings sit above the midpoint — business quality at 63 and price structure at 67 out of 100 — so they are not in conflict. The fundamentals and the tape are saying the same thing, which is the case in which either one alone would have been enough.
| Trigger | Where it stands now | What it would mean |
|---|---|---|
| IS Score reaches 75 and holds two consecutive quarters | now 63.4 | would move us up one band |
| IS Score stops falling - one quarter higher than the prior | last four: 46 → 49 → 51 → 63 | the direction matters more than the level |
| Technical vote share back above 50% | now 64% | price structure no longer broken |
| Institutional holder count rises two quarters running | peak 2,194 → now 2,119 | fewer institutions willing to hold is our clearest warning |
This page is InsiderStreet's own reading, produced from the data in the rest of this document. It is not a price target and not investment advice. Analyst consensus and street price targets appear later under their own heading and are the street's numbers, not ours.
| Quarter | Holders | 13F shares | Value | Reported own% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 Q2 | 2,119 | 541.1M | $106.2B | 87.2% |
| 2026 Q1 | 2,064 | 528.0M | $95.0B | 85.1% |
| 2025 Q4 | 2,194 | 548.7M | $130.9B | 88.4% |
| 2025 Q3 | 1,986 | 546.2M | $114.8B | 88.0% |
| 2025 Q2 | 1,948 | 560.0M | $117.6B | 90.3% |
| 2025 Q1 | 1,400 | 365.4M | $65.4B | 58.9% |
| 2024 Q4 | 1,354 | 359.3M | $63.4B | 57.9% |
| 2024 Q3 | 1,219 | 346.7M | $51.6B | 55.9% |
| 2024 Q2 | 1,196 | 346.6M | $46.9B | 55.9% |
| 2024 Q1 | 1,162 | 350.8M | $51.0B | 56.5% |
| 2023 Q4 | 1,132 | 341.1M | $44.1B | 55.0% |
| 2023 Q3 | 1,001 | 342.6M | $33.0B | 55.2% |
| Insider | Role | Date | Type | Shares | Value | Post-Txn Owned |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooper Matthew W | General Counsel & Corp Secy | 2026-10-06 | SELL | 3,500 | $0.69M | 79,694 |
| Karam Celia | Pres, Retail Bank | 2026-09-15 | SELL | 2,017 | $0.42M | 57,696 |
| Dean Lia | Pres, Banking & Prem. Products | 2026-09-15 | SELL | 2,066 | $0.43M | 61,195 |
| Cooper Matthew W | General Counsel & Corp Secy | 2026-09-01 | SELL | 3,500 | $0.75M | 83,194 |
| Dean Lia | Pres, Banking & Prem. Products | 2026-08-17 | SELL | 2,192 | $0.49M | 63,262 |
| Dean Lia | Pres, Banking & Prem. Products | 2026-08-17 | SELL | 1 | $0.00M | 63,261 |
| Karam Celia | Pres, Retail Bank | 2026-08-17 | SELL | 1,887 | $0.43M | 59,709 |
| Karam Celia | Pres, Retail Bank | 2026-08-17 | SELL | 1 | $0.00M | 59,708 |
| 6-mo decomposition (Form 4) | Txns | Shares | Value | Signal weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S — Open-market sales | 30 | 61,905 | $12.8M | Counted |
| M — Exercises (paired A/D) | 1 | 2,014 | — | None — mechanics |
| F — Tax withholding | 5 | 63,378 | $11.8M | None — compensation |
| P — Open-market purchases | 0 | 0 | $0 | Counted — none occurred |
| Member | Chamber | Trade | Size band | Traded | Disclosed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ro Khanna | House | SELL | $1,001 - $15,000 | 2026-09-25 | 2026-10-09 |
| William R. Keating | House | BUY | $1,001 - $15,000 | 2026-06-30 | 2026-08-14 |
| Ro Khanna | House | BUY | $1,001 - $15,000 | 2026-05-01 | 2026-06-11 |
| Markwayne Mullin | Senate | BUY | $50,001 - $100,000 | 2025-12-29 | 2026-01-16 |
| Markwayne Mullin | Senate | BUY | $50,001 - $100,000 | 2025-12-29 | 2026-01-15 |
| Markwayne Mullin | Senate | BUY | $50,001 - $100,000 | 2025-11-10 | 2025-12-05 |
| Manager | Shares | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Wealth Enhancement Advisory Servic | 290,914 | $43M |
| Burney Co/ | 180,263 | $35M |
| Mn Services Vermogensbeheer B.V. | 176,401 | $34M |
| Czech National Bank | 176,269 | $34M |
| Deprince Race & Zollo Inc | 168,159 | $32M |
| Fjarde Ap-Fonden /Fourth Swedish N | 158,272 | $31M |
| Fund | Weight | Position |
|---|---|---|
| VITSX | 0.2% | $3.8B |
| VTI | 0.2% | $3.8B |
| VSMPX | 0.2% | $3.8B |
| VTSAX | 0.2% | $3.8B |
| VFIAX | 0.2% | $3.1B |
| VFFSX | 0.2% | $3.1B |
| ATS Venue (4-wk) | Shares | Avg trade |
|---|---|---|
| Incr Intelligent Cross Llc | 6.2M | 54 sh |
| Ubsa Ubs Ats | 4.6M | 56 sh |
| Sgmt Sigma X2 | 3.6M | 50 sh |
| Ebxl Level Ats | 2.7M | 31 sh |
| Mlix Instinct X | 2.4M | 74 sh |
| Mstx Ms Trajectory Cross (Ats-1) | 2.2M | 45 sh |
Moat score 54/100 — Weak; primary source Efficient Scale.
| Officer | Title |
|---|---|
| Richard D. Fairbank | Founder, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer & President |
| Matthew W. Cooper | President of Discover Integration, General Counsel & Secretary |
| Mark Daniel Mouadeb | President of Card |
| Frank G. LaPrade | Chief Enterprise Services Officer & Chief of Staff to the Chief Executive Officer |
| Period | EPS est. | EPS actual | EPS surprise | Rev est. ($M) | Rev actual ($M) | Rev surprise |
|---|
| YoY growth | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | +1.2% | +19.8% | +29.0% | +9.0% | +28.4% |
| Gross profit | +77.3% | -12.3% | -7.2% | +3.9% | +19.6% |
| Operating income | +393.6% | -41.6% | -34.6% | -2.2% | -61.4% |
| Net income | +356.5% | -40.6% | -33.6% | -2.8% | -48.4% |
| $B · FY ends | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 32.0 | 38.4 | 49.5 | 53.9 | 69.3 | |
| Cost of revenue | -0.3 | 10.0 | 23.1 | 26.5 | 36.5 | |
| Gross profit | 32.4 | 28.4 | 26.4 | 27.4 | 32.8 | |
| R&D expense | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| SG&A expense | 10.3 | 12.4 | 13.3 | 14.0 | 18.4 | |
| Operating income | 15.8 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 2.3 | |
| EBITDA | 19.3 | 12.5 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 7.5 | |
| D&A | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 5.3 | |
| Pretax income | 15.8 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 2.3 | |
| Income tax | 3.4 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 1.2 | -0.2 | |
| Net income | 12.4 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 2.5 | |
| Diluted EPS ($) | 26.94 | 17.91 | 11.95 | 11.59 | 3.36 | |
| Diluted shares (M) | 444 | 393 | 383 | 384 | 541 |
| $B | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash & equivalents | 30.9 | 43.3 | 43.2 | 57.4 | |
| ST investments | 76.9 | 79.1 | 3.9 | 4.3 | |
| Receivables (net) | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | |
| Total current assets | 109.9 | 124.9 | 49.6 | 69.9 | |
| PP&E (net) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 5.6 | |
| Goodwill + intangibles | 14.8 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 45.1 | |
| Total assets | 455.2 | 478.5 | 490.1 | 669.0 | |
| Accounts payable | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | |
| Short-term debt | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | |
| Deferred revenue | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Total current liabilities | 334.4 | 349.6 | 363.9 | 477.7 | |
| Long-term debt | 47.8 | 49.3 | 45.0 | 49.9 | |
| Total liabilities | 402.7 | 420.4 | 429.4 | 555.4 | |
| Shareholders' equity | 52.6 | 58.1 | 60.8 | 113.6 |
| $B | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income | 7.4 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 2.5 | |
| D&A | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 5.3 | |
| Stock-based compensation | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | |
| Working capital change | (2.9) | 2.3 | (1.6) | 1.3 | |
| Operating cash flow | 13.8 | 20.6 | 18.2 | 27.7 | |
| Capital expenditures | (0.9) | (1.0) | (1.2) | (1.6) | |
| Investing cash flow | (29.7) | (21.9) | (26.4) | (0.4) | |
| Buybacks | (4.9) | (0.7) | (0.7) | (4.1) | |
| Dividends paid | (1.2) | (1.2) | (1.2) | (1.8) | |
| Debt issuance / (repay) | 8.4 | 0.2 | (4.4) | (8.8) | |
| Financing cash flow | 25.1 | 13.8 | 8.2 | (8.9) | |
| Free cash flow | 12.9 | 19.6 | 17.0 | 26.1 |
| Ratio | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | TTM | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PROFITABILITY | |||||||
| ROE | 20.4% | 13.0% | 8.8% | 8.0% | 2.8% | 9% | |
| ROA | 2.9% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 1.6% | |
| ROIC | -96.1% | -114.2% | -33.8% | 8.0% | 2.0% | 6.8% | |
| Gross margin | 101.1% | 74.0% | 53.3% | 50.8% | 47.3% | 66.2% | |
| Operating margin | 49.4% | 24.1% | 12.2% | 11.0% | 3.3% | 21.0% | |
| Net margin | 38.7% | 19.2% | 9.9% | 8.8% | 3.5% | 13.4% | |
| EBITDA margin | 60.2% | 32.4% | 18.7% | 17.0% | 10.9% | 29.3% | |
| FCF margin | 36.3% | 33.6% | 39.6% | 31.4% | 40.1% | — | |
| VALUATION | |||||||
| P/E | 4.62 | 4.60 | 9.98 | 14.21 | 62.38 | 12.5 | |
| P/B | 0.94 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 1.35 | 1.1 | |
| P/S | 1.79 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 1.25 | 2.21 | 1.57 | |
| P/FCF | 4.93 | 2.63 | 2.49 | 3.98 | 5.52 | 3.8 | |
| EV/EBITDA | -0.86 | -2.02 | -2.57 | 7.21 | 18.88 | 5.0 | |
| EV/Revenue | -0.52 | -0.66 | -0.48 | 1.22 | 2.06 | 1.5 | |
| Earnings yield | 21.6% | 21.7% | 10.0% | 7.0% | 1.6% | 8.40% | |
| FCF yield | 20.3% | 38.0% | 40.2% | 25.1% | 18.1% | 26.02% | |
| Ratio | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | TTM | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEVERAGE & SOLVENCY | |||||||
| Current ratio | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.13 | |
| Quick ratio | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.13 | |
| Debt / equity | 0.71 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.75 | 0.45 | 0.40 | |
| Debt / assets | 10.0% | 10.7% | 10.4% | 9.3% | 7.6% | 6.7% | |
| Net debt / EBITDA | -3.83 | -4.74 | -7.83 | -0.17 | -1.42 | -0.41 | |
| Interest coverage | 9.89 | 2.24 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.14 | — | |
| Ratio | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | TTM | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EFFICIENCY | |||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | |
| Receivables turnover | 21.86 | 21.53 | 21.60 | 21.53 | 22.96 | 22.9 | |
| DSO (days) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | |
| DPO (days) | — | 15 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 11 | |
| Cash conversion cycle | — | 2 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | |
| GROWTH (YoY) | |||||||
| Revenue growth | 1.2% | 19.8% | 29.0% | 9.0% | 28.2% | — | |
| Net income growth | 356.5% | -40.6% | -33.6% | -2.8% | -48.3% | — | |
| EPS growth | 395.1% | -34.3% | -33.4% | -3.0% | -68.6% | — | |
| FCF growth | -27.4% | 10.9% | 52.3% | -13.6% | 63.5% | — | |
| PER SHARE ($) | |||||||
| EPS (diluted, TTM) | 29.20 | 19.18 | 12.77 | 12.39 | 3.89 | 16.95 | |
| Book value / share | 143.83 | 137.04 | 151.75 | 158.54 | 179.89 | 183.39 | |
| Revenue / share | 75.50 | 100.01 | 129.27 | 140.68 | 109.48 | 126.70 | |
| FCF / share | 27.37 | 33.55 | 51.24 | 44.22 | 43.89 | 51.89 | |
| Cash / share | 275.76 | 280.88 | 319.79 | 122.81 | 97.70 | 91.44 | |
| SHAREHOLDER RETURN & SCORES | |||||||
| Buyback yield | 17.0% | 14.6% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.76% | |
| Altman Z-Score | -0.08 | -0.21 | -0.17 | -0.34 | -0.32 | -0.3 | |
| Piotroski F-Score | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7/9 | |
| Beneish M-Score | -2.47 | -1.86 | -2.35 | -2.53 | -2.25 | -3.17 | |
| Model | Score | Zone | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Piotroski F-Score | 7 / 9 | Strong | |
| Altman Z-Score | -0.3 | Distress (<1.81) | Distress |
| Income quality | 2.99 | Cash-backed | OCF ÷ net income |
| Beneish M-Score | -3.17 | Non-manipulator | vs −2.22 threshold |
| DuPont Decomposition (TTM) | Value |
|---|---|
| Tax burden | 0.81 |
| Interest burden | 0.79 |
| Operating margin | 21.0% |
| Asset turnover | 0.12× |
| Financial leverage | 5.93× |
| = ROE | 9% |
| Growth Quality (live) | Value |
|---|---|
| Revenue stability | 0.92 |
| Earnings stability | 0.19 |
| Earnings persistence | — |
| Revenue CAGR 3y | 20.8% |
| EPS CAGR 3y | 6.9% |
| FCF CAGR 3y | 25.4% |
| Company | Mkt cap | P/E | ROE | Net margin | Rev growth | Piotroski | 1-yr ret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AXP | $211.8B | 19.0 | 34% | 14.4% | +9.4% | 9/9 | -2.9% |
| PYPL | $48.5B | 10.6 | 24% | 12.7% | +5.7% | 6/9 | -14.0% |
| MA | $540.9B | 33.9 | 241% | 47.3% | +16.0% | 7/9 | +12.3% |
| SYF | $24.0B | 7.5 | 21% | 18.9% | -2.4% | 7/9 | +5.3% |
| GPN | $22.1B | -21.5 | -4% | -0.3% | +14.8% | 2/9 | — |
| AFRM | $22.0B | 13.0 | 45% | — | +29.8% | 6/9 | — |
| V | $751.7B | 34.2 | 61% | 48.4% | +14.4% | 5/9 | — |
| SOFI | $18.8B | 28.5 | 7% | 10.0% | +34.2% | 5/9 | — |
| Consensus estimates | Revenue mean | High / Low | EPS mean | High / Low | # EPS est. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY2026 | $63.90B | $64.27B / $63.33B | $20.53 | $20.98 / $20.02 | 14 |
| FY2027 | $67.75B | $69.15B / $65.94B | $23.93 | $25.08 / $22.57 | 14 |
| FY2028 | $71.51B | $72.76B / $69.17B | $27.68 | $29.92 / $25.76 | 10 |
| Window | Avg Target | vs. Price | # Targets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Last Month | $234.00 | +16.0% | 4 |
| Last Quarter | $247.00 | +22.4% | 8 |
| Last Year | $264.11 | +30.9% | 37 |
| All Time | $225.97 | +12.0% | 75 |
| Moving Average | Value | Distance | % Distance | Signal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMA 20 | $197.66 | +4.08 | +2.06% | Above |
| SMA 50 | $207.96 | -6.22 | -2.99% | Below |
| SMA 200 | $203.08 | -1.34 | -0.66% | Below |
| EMA 9 | $198.50 | +3.24 | +1.63% | Above |
| EMA 21 | $199.71 | +2.03 | +1.02% | Above |
| EMA 50 | $203.22 | -1.48 | -0.73% | Below |
| EMA 200 | $203.67 | -1.93 | -0.95% | Below |
| Level | Value | Level | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pivot / R1 / R2 | $197.36 / $201.72 / $204.58 | S1 / S2 | $194.50 / $190.14 |
| Bollinger (20,2) | $191.77 – $203.55 | Squeeze | ON |
| 52-wk range | $174.24 – $258.65 | Off 52-wk high | -22.0% |
| ATR (14) | $4.83 (2.4%) | Historical vol | 22.7% |
| Computed from live weekly prices | COF | S&P 500 |
|---|---|---|
| Weekly volatility (σ, 1y) | 4.43% | 1.83% |
| Best / worst week (1y) | +8.8% / -10.3% | — |
| Max drawdown (5y, monthly) | -56.6% | — |
| 1-week VaR (95%) | -7.8% | — |
| Beta (5y) | 1.02 | 1.00 |
| Reading | COF | Financial - Credit Services n=681 | Financial Services n=24,134 | All US symbols n=70,435 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | -5.4 | -20.7 | -16.3 | -20.5 |
| Trend | -42.2 | -27.8 | -12.5 | -21.3 |
| Momentum | +20.4 | -12.0 | -4.4 | -15.8 |
| Volume | +44.5 | -25.0 | +0.0 | -3.8 |
| Executive | Total comp | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Richard D. Fairbank Chairman, CEO and Presid | $18.3M | 60% equity+incentive |
| Stephen S. Crawford Chief Financial Officer | $12.4M | 87% equity+incentive |
| Gary L. Perlin Former Chief Financial Office | $7.1M | 67% equity+incentive |
| Ryan M. Schneider President, Card | $5.2M | 66% equity+incentive |
| John G. Finneran, Jr. General Counsel and Co | $5.0M | 67% equity+incentive |
| Pillar (live disclosure scores) | Score |
|---|---|
| Environmental | 53 |
| Social | 63 |
| Governance | 55 |
| Composite ESG | 57 |
Methodology. Every figure originates in InsiderStreet's production data layer and is computed deterministically by the same engines that power insiderstreet.ai. This factsheet contains no model-written text. Sections without underlying data are omitted rather than estimated.
| Data domain | Source | Coverage for this report |
|---|---|---|
| Price & volume | market_db.historical_prices | 52 rows |
| Fundamentals | income_statements_annual | 6 rows · 2020 to 2025 |
| Reported vs consensus | fact/earnings_calendar | 24 rows · 2020-07-21 to 2026-04-21 |
| Analyst estimates | dim/forward_estimates | 3 rows · 2026-12-31 to 2028-12-31 |
| Institutional ownership (13F) | holdings_db.institutional_ownership_summary | 116 rows · 1997 to 2026 |
| Insider transactions (Form 4) | edgar/form4 | 12 rows · 2026-08-04 to 2026-10-06 |
| Proposed sales (Form 144) | edgar/form144 | not present for this symbol |
| Beneficial ownership (13D/G) | edgar/13dg | not present for this symbol |
| Short-sale volume (FINRA) | edgar/short_volume_daily | 60 rows · 2026-07-23 to 2026-10-15 |
| Dark pool (ATS, tier 1) | edgar/darkpool_weekly | 12 rows · 2026-06-15 to 2026-08-31 |
| ETF & fund holding | etf_holdings_changelog (30d) | 1 record |
| Peer set | stock_peers_dynamic | 8 rows |
| Industry medians | industry_medians | 1 record |
| Congressional trades | congress_db (House + Senate) | 1 record |
| ESG | fact/esg_disclosures | 1 record |
Method. Every figure in this factsheet is looked up from a named field computed in code. It contains no model-written text.
Not covered. Short interest as a percent of float and days-to-cover are not in this data set — the short-sale figures above are FINRA volume, a flow, and cannot support squeeze or covering analysis. Options positioning and intraday data are also absent. 13F ownership is filed 45 days after quarter end and congressional trades are disclosed on a lag, so both describe a past position, not a current one.