| Profitability | 32/100 |
| Growth | 66/100 |
| Momentum | 83/100 |
| Quality | 60/100 |
| Earnings Quality | 70/100 |
| Balance Sheet | 29/100 |
| Value | 65/100 |
| Risk (safety) | 65/100 |
| Overall | 53.6/100 |
| Symbol | IS Score |
|---|---|
| THC | 63 |
| EHC | 64 |
| DVA | 44 |
| UHS | 61 |
| ENSG | 65 |
| ELV | 57 |
| HCA | 54 |
Both readings sit above the midpoint — business quality at 54 and price structure at 76 out of 100 — so they are not in conflict. The fundamentals and the tape are saying the same thing, which is the case in which either one alone would have been enough.
| Trigger | Where it stands now | What it would mean |
|---|---|---|
| IS Score reaches 55 and holds two consecutive quarters | now 53.6 | would move us up one band |
| IS Score stops falling - one quarter higher than the prior | last four: 57 → 60 → 58 → 54 | the direction matters more than the level |
| Technical vote share back above 50% | now 91% | price structure no longer broken |
| Institutional holder count rises two quarters running | peak 1,419 → now 1,340 | fewer institutions willing to hold is our clearest warning |
This page is InsiderStreet's own reading, produced from the data in the rest of this document. It is not a price target and not investment advice. Analyst consensus and street price targets appear later under their own heading and are the street's numbers, not ours.
| Quarter | Holders | 13F shares | Value | Reported own% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 Q2 | 1,340 | 132.4M | $50.3B | 59.4% |
| 2026 Q1 | 1,419 | 131.4M | $61.3B | 59.0% |
| 2025 Q4 | 1,395 | 136.3M | $62.8B | 61.2% |
| 2025 Q3 | 1,283 | 136.8M | $57.8B | 61.4% |
| 2025 Q2 | 1,246 | 146.7M | $55.4B | 65.8% |
| 2025 Q1 | 1,225 | 155.2M | $52.6B | 69.7% |
| 2024 Q4 | 1,180 | 158.8M | $47.1B | 71.3% |
| 2024 Q3 | 1,200 | 157.9M | $63.3B | 70.8% |
| 2024 Q2 | 1,154 | 163.7M | $50.9B | 73.5% |
| 2024 Q1 | 1,127 | 164.1M | $52.5B | 73.6% |
| 2023 Q4 | 1,055 | 168.2M | $43.9B | 75.5% |
| 2023 Q3 | 996 | 169.2M | $40.0B | 75.9% |
| Insider | Role | Date | Type | Shares | Value | Post-Txn Owned |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 1,898 | $0.16M | 0 |
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 6,290 | $0.64M | 0 |
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 4,400 | $0.61M | 0 |
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 2,420 | $0.35M | 0 |
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 2,100 | $0.36M | 0 |
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 2,370 | $0.58M | 0 |
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 4,160 | $0.98M | 0 |
| Schlosser Michael J | EVP and Chief Clinical Officer | 2026-09-01 | — | 3,789 | $0.96M | 0 |
| 6-mo decomposition (Form 4) | Txns | Shares | Value | Signal weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G — Gifts | 1 | 3,336 | — | None |
| P — Open-market purchases | 0 | 0 | $0 | Counted — none occurred |
| Filed | Filer | Shares registered | Est. proceeds |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-02-18 | Michael R Mcalevey | 1,694 | $0.9M |
| 2026-02-11 | Jennifer L. Berres | 8,020 | $4.1M |
| 2026-02-03 | Michael S Cuffe | 1,500 | $0.7M |
| 2026-02-03 | Samuel N. Hazen | 42,877 | $21.5M |
| Trailing 12 mo | 6 filings | 61,819 | $31M |
| Filed | Form | Reporting person | % of class | Shares |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-04-30 | SCHEDULE 13G | Vanguard Capital Management | 5.25% | 11.7M sh |
| 2026-03-27 | SCHEDULE 13G/A | The Vanguard Group | — | exit/reporting change |
| 2026-02-10 | SCHEDULE 13D | Frisco Holding II | 17.40% | 38.9M sh |
| 2026-02-10 | SCHEDULE 13D | Patricia F. Elcan | 31.40% | 70.2M sh |
| Member | Chamber | Trade | Size band | Traded | Disclosed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ro Khanna | House | BUY | $1,001 - $15,000 | 2026-09-04 | 2026-10-09 |
| William R. Keating | House | BUY | $15,001 - $50,000 | 2026-06-30 | 2026-08-14 |
| Jared Moskowitz | House | BUY | $1,001 - $15,000 | 2026-06-17 | 2026-07-27 |
| Alan Armstrong | Senate | BUY | $1,001 - $15,000 | 2026-03-27 | 2026-07-20 |
| David Perdue | Senate | SELL | $15,001 - $50,000 | 2020-04-14 | 2021-05-02 |
| David Perdue | Senate | SELL | $15,001 - $50,000 | 2020-04-14 | 2021-05-01 |
| Manager | Shares | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Fort Washington Investment Advisor | 172,768 | $74M |
| Equitable Trust Co | 127,543 | $54M |
| Argent Capital Management Llc | 112,176 | $48M |
| Gateway Investment Advisers Llc | 63,127 | $27M |
| Wedge Capital Management L L P/Nc | 62,812 | $27M |
| Fjarde Ap-Fonden /Fourth Swedish N | 60,222 | $26M |
| Fund | Weight | Position |
|---|---|---|
| VITSX | 0.1% | $1.9B |
| VTSAX | 0.1% | $1.9B |
| VTI | 0.1% | $1.9B |
| VSMPX | 0.1% | $1.9B |
| VFINX | 0.1% | $1.6B |
| VFIAX | 0.1% | $1.6B |
| ATS Venue (4-wk) | Shares | Avg trade |
|---|---|---|
| Incr Intelligent Cross Llc | 1.3M | 22 sh |
| Ubsa Ubs Ats | 1.2M | 24 sh |
| Sgmt Sigma X2 | 0.8M | 23 sh |
| Ebxl Level Ats | 0.6M | 13 sh |
| Mstx Ms Trajectory Cross (Ats-1) | 0.5M | 15 sh |
| Mlix Instinct X | 0.5M | 31 sh |
| Region | Revenue | Share |
|---|---|---|
| American Group | $26.4B | 37% |
| Atlantic Group | $24.7B | 34% |
| National Group | $21.3B | 29% |
Moat score 56/100 — Narrow; primary source Efficient Scale.
| Officer | Title |
|---|---|
| Samuel N. Hazen | Chief Executive Officer & Director |
| Jon Mack Foster | Executive Vice President & Chief Operating Officer |
| Michael A. Marks | Chief Financial Officer & Executive Vice President |
| Michael R. McAlevey | Executive Vice President and Chief Legal & Administrative Officer |
| Period | EPS est. | EPS actual | EPS surprise | Rev est. ($M) | Rev actual ($M) | Rev surprise |
|---|
| YoY growth | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | +14.0% | +2.5% | +7.9% | +8.7% | +7.1% |
| Gross profit | +33.3% | -6.5% | +6.3% | +9.6% | +197.5% |
| Operating income | +33.3% | -6.5% | +6.3% | +9.6% | +13.4% |
| Net income | +85.3% | -18.9% | -7.1% | +9.9% | +17.8% |
| $B · FY ends | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 58.8 | 60.2 | 65.0 | 70.6 | 75.6 | |
| Cost of revenue | 49.1 | 51.2 | 55.3 | 60.1 | 44.2 | |
| Gross profit | 9.7 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.5 | 31.4 | |
| R&D expense | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| SG&A expense | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 31.2 | 8.0 | |
| Operating income | 9.7 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.5 | 12.0 | |
| EBITDA | 14.2 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 15.6 | |
| D&A | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.5 | |
| Pretax income | 9.8 | 8.6 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 9.8 | |
| Income tax | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.1 | |
| Net income | 7.0 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 6.8 | |
| Diluted EPS ($) | 21.16 | 19.15 | 18.96 | 22.00 | 28.38 | |
| Diluted shares (M) | 329 | 295 | 276 | 262 | 231 |
| $B | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash & equivalents | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 | |
| ST investments | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
| Receivables (net) | 8.9 | 10.0 | 10.8 | 10.9 | |
| Total current assets | 13.6 | 14.9 | 16.4 | 13.6 | |
| PP&E (net) | 27.6 | 29.9 | 31.5 | 31.1 | |
| Goodwill + intangibles | 9.7 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 10.3 | |
| Total assets | 52.4 | 56.2 | 59.5 | 60.7 | |
| Accounts payable | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.7 | |
| Short-term debt | 0.4 | 2.4 | 4.7 | 6.7 | |
| Deferred revenue | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Total current liabilities | 9.9 | 12.7 | 15.2 | 16.4 | |
| Long-term debt | 37.1 | 37.2 | 38.3 | 41.6 | |
| Total liabilities | 52.5 | 55.2 | 59.0 | 63.5 | |
| Shareholders' equity | -0.1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | -2.8 |
| $B | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income | 6.8 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 6.8 | |
| D&A | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.5 | |
| Stock-based compensation | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
| Working capital change | (1.2) | (0.5) | (0.1) | 0.7 | |
| Operating cash flow | 8.5 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 12.6 | |
| Capital expenditures | (4.4) | (4.7) | (4.9) | (4.9) | |
| Investing cash flow | (3.4) | (5.3) | (4.9) | (5.0) | |
| Buybacks | (7.0) | (3.8) | (6.0) | (10.1) | |
| Dividends paid | (0.7) | (0.7) | (0.7) | (0.7) | |
| Debt issuance / (repay) | 3.3 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | |
| Financing cash flow | (5.7) | (4.1) | (4.6) | (8.6) | |
| Free cash flow | 4.1 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 7.7 |
| Ratio | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | TTM | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PROFITABILITY | |||||||
| ROE | -3853.7% | -305.0% | -230.9% | -269.6% | -159.1% | -113% | |
| ROA | 14.2% | 10.9% | 9.6% | 10.0% | 11.3% | 11.3% | |
| ROIC | 22.1% | 19.7% | 19.4% | 20.2% | 22.0% | 19.4% | |
| Gross margin | 16.5% | 15.0% | 14.8% | 14.9% | 41.5% | 28.4% | |
| Operating margin | 16.5% | 15.0% | 14.8% | 14.9% | 15.8% | 15.5% | |
| Net margin | 11.8% | 9.4% | 8.1% | 8.2% | 9.0% | 8.8% | |
| EBITDA margin | 24.2% | 22.1% | 19.6% | 19.7% | 20.6% | 20.3% | |
| FCF margin | 9.2% | 6.9% | 7.2% | 8.0% | 10.2% | — | |
| VALUATION | |||||||
| P/E | 11.25 | 11.86 | 13.79 | 13.20 | 15.88 | 15.3 | |
| P/B | -83.91 | -24.18 | -40.75 | -30.44 | -17.87 | -15.6 | |
| P/S | 1.33 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.42 | 1.27 | |
| P/FCF | 14.55 | 16.21 | 15.42 | 13.49 | 14.00 | 16.6 | |
| EV/EBITDA | 7.98 | 7.99 | 8.90 | 8.58 | 10.05 | 9.3 | |
| EV/Revenue | 1.93 | 1.76 | 1.74 | 1.69 | 2.07 | 1.9 | |
| Earnings yield | 8.9% | 8.4% | 7.3% | 7.6% | 6.3% | 6.69% | |
| FCF yield | 6.9% | 6.2% | 6.5% | 7.4% | 7.1% | 6.04% | |
| Ratio | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | TTM | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEVERAGE & SOLVENCY | |||||||
| Current ratio | 1.41 | 1.38 | 1.18 | 1.08 | 0.83 | 0.78 | |
| Quick ratio | 1.21 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 0.69 | |
| Debt / equity | -39.36 | -14.53 | -23.60 | -18.10 | -8.33 | -7.42 | |
| Debt / assets | 72.4% | 76.7% | 74.5% | 76.0% | 82.7% | 80.6% | |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 2.48 | 2.96 | 3.22 | 3.11 | 3.15 | 3.02 | |
| Interest coverage | 7.36 | 5.93 | 4.98 | 5.14 | 5.37 | — | |
| Ratio | FY21 | FY22 | FY23 | FY24 | FY25 | TTM | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EFFICIENCY | |||||||
| Asset turnover | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.26 | 1.29 | |
| Receivables turnover | 7.76 | 7.09 | 6.89 | 6.82 | 6.99 | 6.4 | |
| DSO (days) | 47 | 51 | 53 | 54 | 52 | 57 | |
| DPO (days) | 28 | 30 | 28 | 26 | 30 | 31 | |
| Cash conversion cycle | 34 | 36 | 38 | 39 | 33 | 37 | |
| GROWTH (YoY) | |||||||
| Revenue growth | 14.0% | 2.5% | 7.9% | 8.7% | 7.1% | — | |
| Net income growth | 85.3% | -18.9% | -7.1% | 9.9% | 17.8% | — | |
| EPS growth | 102.9% | -10.4% | -2.1% | 16.7% | 30.3% | — | |
| FCF growth | -15.9% | -23.3% | 13.6% | 20.3% | 36.4% | — | |
| PER SHARE ($) | |||||||
| EPS (diluted, TTM) | 22.05 | 19.75 | 19.33 | 22.56 | 29.40 | 30.70 | |
| Book value / share | -2.96 | -9.69 | -6.54 | -9.79 | -26.12 | -14.10 | |
| Revenue / share | 186.27 | 210.85 | 239.57 | 276.54 | 327.68 | 350.10 | |
| FCF / share | 17.06 | 14.45 | 17.28 | 22.09 | 33.34 | 26.91 | |
| Cash / share | 4.60 | 3.18 | 3.45 | 7.92 | 4.51 | 4.55 | |
| SHAREHOLDER RETURN & SCORES | |||||||
| Buyback yield | 10.5% | 10.5% | 5.3% | 7.9% | 9.3% | 10.00% | |
| Altman Z-Score | 2.93 | 2.59 | 2.52 | 2.52 | 2.73 | 2.7 | |
| Piotroski F-Score | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7/9 | |
| Beneish M-Score | -2.45 | -2.64 | -2.74 | -2.76 | -3.10 | -2.64 | |
| Model | Score | Zone | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Piotroski F-Score | 7 / 9 | Strong | |
| Altman Z-Score | 2.7 | Grey zone | Grey |
| Income quality | 1.63 | Cash-backed | OCF ÷ net income |
| Beneish M-Score | -2.64 | Non-manipulator | vs −2.22 threshold |
| DuPont Decomposition (TTM) | Value |
|---|---|
| Tax burden | 0.69 |
| Interest burden | 0.81 |
| Operating margin | 15.6% |
| Asset turnover | 1.30× |
| Financial leverage | -10.95× |
| = ROE | -125% |
| Growth Quality (live) | Value |
|---|---|
| Revenue stability | 0.98 |
| Earnings stability | 0.40 |
| Earnings persistence | 0.94 |
| Revenue CAGR 3y | 8.0% |
| EPS CAGR 3y | 14.0% |
| FCF CAGR 3y | 6.7% |
| Company | Mkt cap | P/E | ROE | Net margin | Rev growth | Piotroski | 1-yr ret |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| THC | $21.5B | 10.2 | 53% | 14.7% | +5.4% | 7/9 | +34.2% |
| EHC | $12.6B | 20.6 | 25% | 9.6% | +9.5% | 9/9 | +4.0% |
| DVA | $12.0B | 16.1 | -149% | 7.5% | +6.4% | 8/9 | +49.5% |
| UHS | $10.9B | 7.5 | 21% | 7.7% | +10.0% | 8/9 | -9.3% |
| ENSG | $10.3B | 26.9 | 17% | 6.9% | +18.9% | 7/9 | — |
| ELV | $92.9B | 19.0 | 11% | 2.9% | +6.3% | 6/9 | — |
| SYK | $113.0B | 30.3 | 17% | 19.4% | +8.5% | 9/9 | — |
| MRNA | $87.0B | -27.3 | -39% | — | -27.2% | 2/9 | — |
| Consensus estimates | Revenue mean | High / Low | EPS mean | High / Low | # EPS est. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY2026 | $78.50B | $79.12B / $77.92B | $29.50 | $30.08 / $29.14 | 15 |
| FY2027 | $81.52B | $82.78B / $80.13B | $32.11 | $34.06 / $30.22 | 16 |
| FY2028 | $85.31B | $87.63B / $82.40B | $35.33 | $38.40 / $32.85 | 12 |
| Window | Avg Target | vs. Price | # Targets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Last Month | $495.50 | +8.0% | 2 |
| Last Quarter | $452.73 | -1.3% | 11 |
| Last Year | $491.33 | +7.1% | 54 |
| All Time | $389.49 | -15.1% | 123 |
| Moving Average | Value | Distance | % Distance | Signal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMA 20 | $441.00 | +17.84 | +4.05% | Above |
| SMA 50 | $426.35 | +32.49 | +7.62% | Above |
| SMA 200 | $444.81 | +14.03 | +3.15% | Above |
| EMA 9 | $455.11 | +3.73 | +0.82% | Above |
| EMA 21 | $443.55 | +15.29 | +3.45% | Above |
| EMA 50 | $429.79 | +29.05 | +6.76% | Above |
| EMA 200 | $427.80 | +31.04 | +7.26% | Above |
| Level | Value | Level | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pivot / R1 / R2 | $471.55 / $475.81 / $483.13 | S1 / S2 | $464.23 / $459.97 |
| Bollinger (20,2) | $411.55 – $470.46 | Squeeze | Off |
| 52-wk range | $353.99 – $555.69 | Off 52-wk high | -17.5% |
| ATR (14) | $12.34 (2.7%) | Historical vol | 25.3% |
| Computed from live weekly prices | HCA | S&P 500 |
|---|---|---|
| Weekly volatility (σ, 1y) | 4.35% | 1.83% |
| Best / worst week (1y) | +9.8% / -11.4% | — |
| Max drawdown (5y, monthly) | -46.8% | — |
| 1-week VaR (95%) | -7.2% | — |
| Beta (5y) | 1.11 | 1.00 |
| Reading | HCA | Medical - Care Facilities n=442 | Healthcare n=5,272 | All US symbols n=70,435 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | +8.4 | -23.2 | -24.0 | -20.5 |
| Trend | +49.8 | -26.0 | -25.6 | -21.3 |
| Momentum | +51.2 | -20.1 | -28.5 | -15.8 |
| Volume | -36.4 | -25.0 | -25.0 | -3.8 |
| Executive | Total comp | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Samuel N. Hazen Chief Executive Officer | $26.5M | 53% equity+incentive |
| Jon M. Foster Executive Vice President and C | $11.0M | 41% equity+incentive |
| Michael A. Marks Executive Vice President an | $10.4M | 41% equity+incentive |
| Michael R. McAlevey Executive Vice President | $5.7M | 57% equity+incentive |
| Michael S. Cuffe, M.D. Executive Vice Presid | $5.7M | 56% equity+incentive |
| Pillar (live disclosure scores) | Score |
|---|---|
| Environmental | 59 |
| Social | 56 |
| Governance | 64 |
| Composite ESG | 60 |
| Filed | 8-K contents | Items |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-07-29 | Financial Obligation; Other Events | 2.03,8.01 |
| 2026-07-24 | Earnings Release; Regulation FD; Other Events; Exhibits | 2.02,7.01,8.01,9.01 |
| 2026-07-14 | Earnings Release; Regulation FD; Exhibits | 2.02,7.01,9.01 |
| 2026-06-18 | Officer/Director Change | 5.02 |
| 2026-04-30 | Material Agreement; Financial Obligation; Other Events; Exhibits | 1.01,2.03,8.01,9.01 |
| 2026-04-28 | Shareholder Vote | 5.07 |
| 2026-04-27 | Other Events; Exhibits | 8.01,9.01 |
| 2026-04-24 | Earnings Release; Regulation FD; Other Events; Exhibits | 2.02,7.01,8.01,9.01 |
Methodology. Every figure originates in InsiderStreet's production data layer and is computed deterministically by the same engines that power insiderstreet.ai. This factsheet contains no model-written text. Sections without underlying data are omitted rather than estimated.
| Data domain | Source | Coverage for this report |
|---|---|---|
| Price & volume | market_db.historical_prices | 52 rows |
| Fundamentals | income_statements_annual | 6 rows · 2020 to 2025 |
| Reported vs consensus | fact/earnings_calendar | 24 rows · 2020-10-26 to 2026-07-24 |
| Analyst estimates | dim/forward_estimates | 3 rows · 2026-12-31 to 2028-12-31 |
| Institutional ownership (13F) | holdings_db.institutional_ownership_summary | 63 rows · 2006 to 2026 |
| Insider transactions (Form 4) | edgar/form4 | 12 rows · 2026-08-26 to 2026-09-01 |
| Proposed sales (Form 144) | edgar/form144 | 1 record |
| Beneficial ownership (13D/G) | edgar/13dg | 4 rows · 2026-02-10 to 2026-04-30 |
| Short-sale volume (FINRA) | edgar/short_volume_daily | 60 rows · 2026-07-23 to 2026-10-15 |
| Dark pool (ATS, tier 1) | edgar/darkpool_weekly | 12 rows · 2026-06-15 to 2026-08-31 |
| ETF & fund holding | etf_holdings_changelog (30d) | 1 record |
| Peer set | stock_peers_dynamic | 8 rows |
| Industry medians | industry_medians | 1 record |
| Congressional trades | congress_db (House + Senate) | 1 record |
| ESG | fact/esg_disclosures | 1 record |
Method. Every figure in this factsheet is looked up from a named field computed in code. It contains no model-written text.
Not covered. Short interest as a percent of float and days-to-cover are not in this data set — the short-sale figures above are FINRA volume, a flow, and cannot support squeeze or covering analysis. Options positioning and intraday data are also absent. 13F ownership is filed 45 days after quarter end and congressional trades are disclosed on a lag, so both describe a past position, not a current one.