$115.81

+1.67 (+1.46%)

After Hours: $115.86 (+0.05, +0.04%)

Weekly Expected Move ±3.8%

$105 $109 $113 $118 $122

NYSE · Industrials · Agricultural - Machinery · Tech Score Neutral · Power 60 · $7.0B mcap · 60M float · 0.829% daily turnover · Short 62% of daily vol

Credit Risk of going bust: lower than 82% of companies Debt: 6.5% of company value Bonds: none of note held by US funds details ▾

Of US companies ranked in the safest four tenths, about 1 in 3,500 filed for bankruptcy within a year (2020-2025).
If the stock fell to about $0.57 (down 99.5%), Federal Signal Corporation would be worth roughly what it owes.
Total debt $485.8M against a stock market value of $6.97B.
Distance to default 10.20 (Merton model): prices to 2026-10-26, balance sheet 2026-06-30, debt counted $228.2M (short-term plus half of long-term), stock volatility 34.7%; Altman Z 7.12. A ranking and a back-test, not a forecast.
US fund filings (SEC N-PORT) show under $25M of this company's bonds, so there is no bond page. Its debt may be bank loans or privately placed. How these are computed.

Edge Score

Quantitative competitive moat analysis scoring five pillars of durable advantage — cost leadership, brand intangibles, switching costs, network effects, and efficient scale — using industry percentile rankings on a 0–100 scale.

NARROW EDGE

68.5 / 100

NoneWeakNarrowWide

Primary source: Switching Costs · ROIC: 16.3% · 5Y Avg: 13.8%

Cost Advantage

Intangibles

Switching Cost

Network Effect

Scale

The Edge Score quantifies a company's competitive moat using five pillars: Cost Advantage (20%, operating margin and SG&A efficiency vs industry peers), Intangible Assets (25%, gross margin premium, R&D intensity, brand pricing power), Switching Costs (25%, revenue stability, earnings consistency, customer retention proxied by operating leverage), Network Effects (15%, revenue growth with expanding margins, market share dominance), and Efficient Scale (15%, market concentration, ROIC sustainability). Each pillar is scored 0–100 using industry percentile rankings, then weighted into a composite. Wide ≥ 70, Narrow ≥ 55, Weak ≥ 40, None < 40. FSS has a Narrow competitive edge (68.5/100) — meaningful but not impregnable advantages over competitors. The primary source of advantage is Switching Costs. ROIC of 16.3% confirms the company is generating returns well above its cost of capital — a hallmark of durable competitive advantages.

Analyst Insights

Wall Street analyst consensus based on price targets and buy/sell/hold recommendations from institutional research coverage over the trailing 12 months.

Analyst Price Targets

Low

$135

Avg Target

$135

High

Based on 2 analyst ratings (12 mo)

Analyst Recommendations

Strong Buy: 0Buy: 6Hold: 5Sell: 0Strong Sell: 0

Rating Summary

ConsensusBuy

Avg Target$135.00

Analysts2

Consensus Change History

Date	Field	From	To
2026-03-12	consensus	Hold	Buy

Price Target Change History

Date	Firm	Analyst	Old	New	Change	Upside @ Call	Stock@Call
2026-04-30	KeyBanc	—	$130	$140	+10	+15.2%	$121.48
2026-03-10	KeyBanc	—	Initiated	$130	—	+19.8%	$108.48
2025-06-30	Raymond James	Tim Thein	$42	$120	+78	+12.8%	$106.42
2024-07-30	D.A. Davidson	Michael Shlisky	Initiated	$94	—	-4.8%	$98.71
2022-10-07	New Street	Sam Boughedda	Initiated	$46	—	+11.8%	$41.15
2022-07-19	Raymond James	Felix Boeschen	$45	$42	-3	+13.4%	$37.05
2022-04-26	Raymond James	—	$46	$45	-1	+29.7%	$34.70
2022-03-02	Raymond James	Felix Boeschen	Initiated	$46	—	+32.9%	$34.60

Financial Rating

Composite financial health rating (A+ to F) based on discounted cash flow valuation, return on equity, return on assets, debt-to-equity leverage, and relative P/E and P/B multiples.

A-

Oct 27, 2026

DCF

ROE

ROA

D/E

P/E

P/B

The Financial Rating evaluates six fundamental factors — discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), debt-to-equity leverage (D/E), and relative price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) multiples — each scored 1–5. FSS receives an overall rating of A-. Strongest factors: DCF (4/5), ROE (5/5), ROA (5/5). Areas of concern: P/E (2/5), P/B (1/5).

Rating Change History

Date	From	To
2026-10-12	B+	A-
2026-10-01	A-	B+
2026-08-12	B+	A-
2026-08-10	A-	B+
2026-04-27	B+	A-
2026-04-01	A-	B+
2026-03-30	B+	A-
2026-03-24	A-	B+
2026-03-16	B+	A-
2026-02-27	B	B+

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Proprietary multi-factor scorecard rating companies across seven fundamental dimensions — profitability, balance sheet strength, earnings quality, growth, value, momentum, and safety — each scored 0–100.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 77 Grade A+

Profitability

Balance Sheet

Earnings Quality

Growth

Value

Momentum

Safety

100

Cash Flow

The InsiderStreet Scorecard rates companies across eight dimensions: Profitability (margins, ROA, ROE), Balance Sheet (leverage, liquidity, coverage), Earnings Quality (accruals, cash conversion), Growth (revenue and earnings trajectory), Value (P/E, P/B, earnings yield, Graham criteria), Momentum (revenue and earnings acceleration), Safety (Altman Z-Score risk adjustment), and Cash Flow (operating cash flow quality, FCF conversion, cash coverage). The overall score blends 35% quality, 35% value, and 30% momentum, with a penalty for distress-zone Altman scores. FSS scores highest in Safety (100/100) and lowest in Value (55/100). An overall grade of A+ places FSS among the highest-quality companies in its peer group.

Risk & Quality Signals

Academic financial models used by institutional investors to assess bankruptcy risk, earnings manipulation, financial strength, and credit quality.

Altman Z-Score

7.72

Safe Zone

Piotroski F-Score

7/9

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓

Beneish M-Score

-2.28

Unlikely Manipulator

Ohlson O-Score

-9.18

Bankruptcy prob: 0.0%

Low Risk

Credit Rating

AA+

Score: 92.5/100

Trend: Deteriorating

Earnings Quality

100/100

OCF/NI: 1.31x

Accruals: -4.0%

The Altman Z-Score (1968) combines five ratios — working capital, retained earnings, EBIT, market value of equity, and sales, all relative to total assets or liabilities — into a single bankruptcy predictor. FSS scores 7.72, placing it in the Safe Zone (safe > 2.99, distress < 1.81). Bankruptcy is statistically unlikely within the next two years. The Piotroski F-Score (2000) is a 9-point binary checklist — four profitability tests (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, cash flow exceeding net income), three leverage tests (declining debt ratio, improving current ratio, no share dilution), and two efficiency tests (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Each pass scores 1 point. FSS scores 7/9, signaling strong financial health across all three dimensions. The Beneish M-Score (1999) is an 8-variable model that detects earnings manipulation by comparing year-over-year changes in receivables, gross margins, asset quality, sales growth, depreciation, SG&A, leverage, and accruals. Scores above −1.78 statistically resemble past manipulators. FSS's score of -2.28 falls below this threshold, suggesting earnings are unlikely to be manipulated. The Ohlson O-Score (1980) is a 9-variable logistic regression that estimates bankruptcy probability using firm size, leverage, working capital, current ratio, profitability (ROA), cash flow coverage, negative equity flag, consecutive losses flag, and earnings trajectory. The raw score is converted to a probability via logistic transformation. FSS's implied 0.0% bankruptcy probability is well within safe territory. Our Credit Rating model scores companies on five weighted components — solvency (30%), earning power (25%), leverage (20%), liquidity (15%), and cash flow quality (10%) — then blends the absolute score with sector and industry peer rankings. For companies with large buyback programs, equity is adjusted by adding back cumulative 5-year repurchases (capped at 80% of FCF generated) to avoid penalizing shareholder-friendly capital allocation. FSS receives an estimated rating of AA+ (score: 92.5/100), with a deteriorating trend. The Earnings Quality score measures how well reported earnings are backed by real cash. It evaluates the operating cash flow to net income ratio (OCF/NI ≥ 1.0 means every dollar of earnings is cash-backed) and the accruals ratio (the gap between earnings and cash flow relative to assets — lower is better). FSS's score of 100/100 is high — cash flows strongly support reported earnings.

Valuation

Key valuation multiples comparing the stock's market price to its earnings, revenue, book value, and cash flows. Lower multiples may indicate relative undervaluation versus peers.

P/E

24.74x

PEG

0.86x

P/S

2.89x

P/B

4.69x

P/FCF

23.30x

P/OCF

21.21x

EV/EBITDA

17.22x

EV/Revenue

3.40x

EV/EBIT

21.17x

EV/FCF

24.54x

Earnings Yield

3.61%

FCF Yield

4.29%

Shareholder Yield

0.54%

Graham Number

$50.59

Equity-based multiples (P/E, P/B, P/FCF) compare the stock price to per-share fundamentals and are affected by capital structure. Enterprise value multiples (EV/EBITDA, EV/Revenue, EV/FCF) strip out debt and cash, making them more useful for cross-company comparisons regardless of how companies are financed. The Graham Number — √(22.5 × EPS × Book Value) — is Benjamin Graham's formula for the maximum price a defensive investor should pay. At 24.7x earnings, FSS commands a growth premium. Graham's intrinsic value formula yields $50.59 per share, 126% below the current price.

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

The 5-factor DuPont framework breaks Return on Equity into its component drivers — tax efficiency, interest burden, operating profitability, asset utilization, and financial leverage — to reveal what truly drives shareholder returns.

Tax Burden

0.766

NI / EBT

Interest Burden

0.948

EBT / EBIT

EBIT Margin

0.161

EBIT / Rev

Asset Turnover

1.124

Rev / Assets

Equity Multiplier

1.573

Assets / Equity

ROE

20.6%

The 5-factor DuPont identity decomposes ROE as: Tax Burden × Interest Burden × EBIT Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier = ROE. This reveals whether returns are driven by operating performance, financial leverage, or tax efficiency — three very different sources of profitability. FSS's ROE of 20.6% is driven by Asset Turnover (1.124), indicating efficient use of assets to generate revenue.

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Our adaptation of Graham's growth formula (Fair P/E = 8.5 + 2g) from The Intelligent Investor. The classic version relies on analyst growth projections, which can be unreliable. This adjusted model substitutes the company's realized 3-year EPS CAGR — a backward-looking, verifiable measure of actual earnings power — grounding the valuation in demonstrated performance rather than forecasts.

Two adjustments we make, and why. Growth is capped at 15%. Graham defined g as expected growth over the next seven to ten years, not last year's rate. Across US companies since 1994 the median realized 7-year EPS growth is 5–8% regardless of how fast a company grew beforehand, and of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it. Uncapped, the formula assigned fair multiples in the hundreds to companies that had never held that rate — and scored worse than simply reading the P/E. Capped, it carries real information. The verdict has three states, not two. Tested over 377,249 stock-months, this ratio only separates outcomes at its extremes: below 0.25 beat the universe by 1.3 points a year, above 3.0 lagged by 2.7, and everything in between sat inside a one-point band. Rather than call two-thirds of the market "undervalued" on a threshold of 1.0, we say Neutral where the model cannot tell — which is most of the time.

Adj. Growth Rate

15.00%

Fair P/E

38.50x

Intrinsic Value

$178.67

Price/Value

0.72x

Margin of Safety

28.08%

Premium

-28.08%

Assessment

Neutral

Graham's classic formula uses analyst-projected growth to estimate a fair P/E (8.5 + 2g). Our adjusted version replaces that projection with FSS's realized 15.0% 3-year EPS CAGR, capped at 15% — demonstrated performance rather than forecasts, held to a rate companies have historically sustained. FSS actually compounded EPS at 28.6% over three years; the model uses 15%, the highest rate it will extrapolate — of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it over the following seven years. FSS trades at a -28% premium to its adjusted intrinsic value of $178.67, suggesting the market is pricing in future growth beyond what historical earnings support. The adjusted fair P/E of 38.5x compares to the current market P/E of 24.7x.

Profitability Trends

Historical profitability ratios tracking how efficiently the company converts revenue into returns for shareholders over time.

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Debt and liquidity metrics showing the company's financial leverage and ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations.

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Operating efficiency metrics measuring how quickly the company converts inventory to sales, collects receivables, and manages its cash conversion cycle.

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Year-over-year growth rates for key financial metrics, showing the trajectory of revenue, earnings, and cash flow generation.

Earnings Stability

R-squared of linear regression measuring how predictably revenue, earnings, and margins follow a trend over the trailing 5 years. 1.0 = perfectly predictable; lower values indicate erratic or cyclical behavior.

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

Geometric Brownian Motion with 1,000 antithetic paths over 1 year, seeded from 1800 days of historical volatility. Percentile bands show the range of statistically plausible outcomes — this is a statistical model, not a forecast.

Current Price

$115.89

Median 1Y

$134.05

5th Pctile

$77.59

95th Pctile

$231.52

Ann. Volatility

33.1%

25th–75th percentile 5th–95th percentile Median path Historical

Executive Compensation

C-suite compensation breakdown including salary, stock awards, options, and incentive pay. The CEO-to-employee pay ratio and Gini coefficient measure pay distribution fairness.

C-Suite Compensation

Executive	Salary	Stock	Total
Jennifer L. Sherman, President and CEO	$1,016,617	$3,635,646	$8,421,321
Mark D. Weber, Senior Vice President and COO	$627,987	$899,967	$2,919,082
Ian A. Hudson, Senior Vice President and CFO	$540,951	$825,001	$2,510,579
Diane I. Bonina, Vice President and General Counsel	$460,461	$450,072	$1,668,886
Felix M. Boeschen, Vice President, Corporate Strategy and Investor Relations	$348,698	$168,811	$975,587

CEO Pay Ratio

191:1

CEO-to-Employee Pay Ratio

CEO Total Comp: $8,421,321

Avg Employee Cost (SGA/emp): $44,121

Employees: 5,800

C-Suite Pay Equality (Gini)

CEO Compensation Mix

Workforce & Productivity

Workforce efficiency metrics measuring revenue, profit, and R&D spend per employee — key indicators of operational leverage and human capital productivity.

Employees

5,800

+23.4% YoY

Revenue / Employee

$375,948

Rev: $2,180,500,000

Profit / Employee

$42,517

NI: $246,600,000

SGA / Employee

$44,121

Avg labor cost proxy

Scaling Efficiency

All Ratios & Metrics

Complete fundamental data with up to 20 periods of history, sparkline trends, and current values across 13 categories and 130+ financial metrics.

Profitability

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
ROE	14.8%	13.5%	13.1%	13.2%	13.2%	14.6%	15.2%	15.5%	16.3%	16.9%	18.9%	20.0%	20.2%	19.8%	18.8%	18.8%	19.1%	19.2%	20.5%	20.6%	20.61%
ROA	8.4%	7.8%	7.3%	7.5%	7.6%	8.3%	8.5%	8.6%	9.3%	10.0%	11.2%	12.1%	12.6%	12.8%	12.0%	12.3%	12.8%	11.9%	12.5%	13.1%	13.10%
ROIC	11.3%	10.6%	10.0%	10.1%	10.3%	10.7%	11.1%	11.4%	12.4%	13.8%	15.4%	16.2%	16.8%	17.1%	15.5%	15.8%	16.6%	14.1%	15.3%	16.3%	16.35%
ROCE	11.8%	10.2%	9.9%	10.3%	10.5%	12.0%	12.4%	12.5%	14.2%	15.6%	16.5%	17.6%	18.2%	18.1%	17.9%	18.4%	19.3%	16.0%	17.4%	18.5%	18.49%
Gross Margin	23.8%	22.4%	22.9%	24.5%	23.9%	24.7%	24.9%	26.5%	26.4%	26.6%	27.3%	29.4%	29.6%	28.1%	28.2%	30.0%	28.3%	27.5%	28.7%	30.4%	30.41%
Operating Margin	11.5%	10.0%	8.6%	12.6%	11.4%	11.9%	10.2%	13.4%	14.0%	14.1%	12.8%	16.5%	16.0%	14.9%	14.2%	17.3%	17.2%	16.2%	16.1%	17.7%	17.74%
Net Margin	9.8%	6.5%	6.2%	9.1%	9.2%	8.8%	7.1%	9.1%	9.7%	10.3%	12.1%	12.4%	11.4%	10.6%	10.0%	12.6%	12.3%	10.2%	11.3%	12.8%	12.85%
EBITDA Margin	15.9%	11.0%	12.8%	16.4%	15.3%	15.4%	13.9%	16.7%	17.4%	17.4%	16.4%	19.7%	19.4%	17.7%	18.0%	20.7%	20.5%	17.6%	19.6%	21.2%	21.19%
FCF Margin	7.8%	5.3%	1.3%	1.2%	0.6%	1.3%	3.1%	4.2%	6.1%	9.5%	10.5%	10.2%	11.1%	10.2%	10.5%	11.5%	10.7%	10.4%	12.4%	13.9%	13.86%
OCF Margin	9.3%	8.4%	6.5%	6.5%	5.9%	5.0%	4.8%	5.9%	7.8%	11.3%	12.4%	12.3%	13.3%	12.4%	12.5%	13.0%	12.1%	11.7%	13.6%	15.2%	15.22%
ROE 3Y Avg	snapshot only																				18.29%
ROE 5Y Avg	snapshot only																				16.41%
ROA 3Y Avg	snapshot only																				11.74%
ROIC 3Y Avg	snapshot only																				13.22%
ROIC Economic	snapshot only																				16.23%
Cash ROA	snapshot only																				15.27%
Cash ROIC	snapshot only																				19.29%
CROIC	snapshot only																				17.57%
NOPAT Margin	snapshot only																				12.89%
Pretax Margin	snapshot only																				15.23%
R&D / Revenue	snapshot only																				0.00%
SGA / Revenue	snapshot only																				11.40%
SBC / Revenue	snapshot only																				0.61%

Valuation

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
P/E Ratio	21.59	25.86	20.44	20.65	21.20	23.20	25.69	28.90	24.87	29.70	28.51	25.33	26.92	26.29	21.46	29.37	30.94	27.08	24.57	27.69	24.744
P/S Ratio	1.92	2.14	1.60	1.64	1.66	1.95	2.19	2.48	2.17	2.71	2.94	2.83	3.12	3.05	2.38	3.30	3.55	3.06	2.84	3.23	2.894
P/B Ratio	3.02	3.32	2.57	2.62	2.70	3.24	3.71	4.19	3.79	4.67	4.96	4.66	4.98	4.79	3.77	5.16	5.52	4.83	4.64	5.24	4.688
P/FCF	24.67	40.40	126.33	138.64	259.53	148.57	70.17	59.44	35.64	28.48	27.85	27.75	28.19	29.82	22.77	28.73	33.21	29.41	22.89	23.30	23.296
P/OCF	20.72	25.56	24.41	24.98	28.22	38.90	45.48	41.94	27.77	24.04	23.68	22.93	23.46	24.58	19.13	25.44	29.41	26.22	20.83	21.21	21.214
EV/EBITDA	13.52	16.67	13.41	13.35	13.53	14.52	15.99	17.69	14.96	17.43	18.14	16.65	17.58	17.11	13.42	17.92	18.82	17.20	15.63	17.22	17.218
EV/Revenue	2.08	2.37	1.85	1.89	1.90	2.18	2.44	2.72	2.38	2.86	3.08	2.96	3.22	3.14	2.51	3.41	3.64	3.31	3.06	3.40	3.401
EV/EBIT	18.40	23.55	19.05	18.74	18.89	19.44	21.16	23.23	19.25	22.15	22.84	20.61	21.64	21.16	16.62	22.21	23.30	21.29	19.22	21.17	21.173
EV/FCF	26.77	44.64	146.11	159.75	296.96	166.71	77.98	65.37	39.08	30.07	29.17	29.03	29.11	30.66	24.01	29.76	34.07	31.74	24.65	24.54	24.543
Earnings Yield	4.6%	3.9%	4.9%	4.8%	4.7%	4.3%	3.9%	3.5%	4.0%	3.4%	3.5%	3.9%	3.7%	3.8%	4.7%	3.4%	3.2%	3.7%	4.1%	3.6%	3.61%
FCF Yield	4.1%	2.5%	0.8%	0.7%	0.4%	0.7%	1.4%	1.7%	2.8%	3.5%	3.6%	3.6%	3.5%	3.4%	4.4%	3.5%	3.0%	3.4%	4.4%	4.3%	4.29%
PEG Ratio	snapshot only																				0.858
Price/Tangible Book	snapshot only																				16.330
EV/OCF	snapshot only																				22.349
EV/Gross Profit	snapshot only																				11.819
Acquirers Multiple	snapshot only																				20.197
Shareholder Yield	snapshot only																				0.54%
Graham Number	snapshot only																				$50.59

Leverage & Solvency

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Current Ratio	2.95	2.53	2.56	2.67	2.82	2.94	2.79	3.05	2.98	2.91	2.82	2.89	2.83	2.66	2.39	2.60	2.61	3.02	2.84	2.74	2.739
Quick Ratio	1.57	1.18	1.18	1.23	1.23	1.32	1.22	1.34	1.35	1.36	1.29	1.35	1.36	1.29	1.09	1.25	1.25	1.35	1.29	1.21	1.205
Debt/Equity	0.37	0.40	0.45	0.44	0.43	0.45	0.46	0.47	0.41	0.32	0.28	0.26	0.23	0.21	0.25	0.23	0.18	0.43	0.41	0.32	0.322
Net Debt/Equity	0.26	0.35	0.40	0.40	0.39	0.40	0.41	0.42	0.37	0.26	0.23	0.21	0.16	0.14	0.21	0.18	0.14	0.38	0.36	0.28	0.281
Debt/Assets	0.22	0.23	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.25	0.25	0.26	0.24	0.20	0.18	0.17	0.15	0.14	0.16	0.15	0.13	0.25	0.24	0.20	0.199
Debt/EBITDA	1.54	1.82	2.04	1.93	1.89	1.80	1.77	1.81	1.47	1.13	0.98	0.88	0.77	0.74	0.86	0.79	0.61	1.42	1.27	1.00	1.005
Net Debt/EBITDA	1.06	1.58	1.82	1.76	1.70	1.58	1.60	1.60	1.32	0.92	0.82	0.73	0.55	0.47	0.70	0.62	0.47	1.27	1.12	0.87	0.875
Interest Coverage	30.33	27.13	26.11	23.71	19.04	15.65	12.53	10.55	10.42	11.30	13.04	16.44	19.94	22.11	23.36	24.09	25.90	24.01	20.71	19.18	19.180
Equity Multiplier	1.72	1.74	1.81	1.78	1.77	1.77	1.80	1.80	1.73	1.62	1.58	1.54	1.51	1.49	1.56	1.52	1.47	1.73	1.71	1.62	1.618
Cash Ratio	snapshot only																				0.201
Debt Service Coverage	snapshot only																				23.585
Cash to Debt	snapshot only																				0.129
FCF to Debt	snapshot only																				0.698
Defensive Interval	snapshot only																				439.2 days

Efficiency & Turnover

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Asset Turnover	0.95	0.94	0.94	0.95	0.97	0.99	0.99	1.01	1.07	1.10	1.09	1.08	1.08	1.10	1.08	1.09	1.12	1.05	1.08	1.12	1.124
Inventory Turnover	4.40	4.47	4.27	4.28	4.08	4.18	3.97	3.92	4.01	4.27	4.03	3.94	3.95	4.19	3.95	4.10	4.16	3.88	3.98	4.17	4.170
Receivables Turnover	8.44	9.23	8.64	8.16	8.65	9.26	8.56	8.62	8.69	9.57	9.20	8.89	8.48	9.73	9.17	8.74	8.50	8.93	8.78	9.29	9.288
Payables Turnover	13.31	15.88	12.76	13.38	14.05	15.89	12.76	14.26	15.17	18.30	14.01	15.12	15.39	18.24	14.05	14.77	15.26	17.61	15.23	16.04	16.040
DSO	43	40	42	45	42	39	43	42	42	38	40	41	43	38	40	42	43	41	42	39	39.3 days
DIO	83	82	86	85	89	87	92	93	91	85	90	93	92	87	92	89	88	94	92	88	87.5 days
DPO	27	23	29	27	26	23	29	26	24	20	26	24	24	20	26	25	24	21	24	23	22.8 days
Cash Conversion Cycle	99	98	99	103	106	104	106	110	109	104	104	110	112	105	106	106	107	114	109	104	104.1 days
Fixed Asset Turnover	snapshot only																				7.640
Operating Cycle	snapshot only																				126.8 days
Cash Velocity	snapshot only																				38.979
Capital Intensity	snapshot only																				0.997

Growth (YoY)

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Revenue	4.9%	7.3%	12.6%	9.1%	11.4%	18.3%	17.8%	20.8%	23.9%	20.1%	18.3%	15.6%	10.3%	8.1%	7.8%	9.1%	11.8%	17.1%	23.3%	24.0%	23.97%
Net Income	7.3%	4.6%	4.1%	-0.6%	-1.8%	19.7%	28.7%	30.6%	38.3%	30.7%	42.7%	50.7%	46.1%	37.4%	16.2%	9.6%	10.9%	14.0%	28.3%	28.8%	28.79%
EPS	6.6%	2.2%	4.6%	0.9%	-0.6%	20.7%	28.9%	29.5%	37.4%	29.9%	42.0%	50.0%	45.4%	36.8%	15.8%	10.4%	11.4%	14.7%	28.9%	28.4%	28.37%
FCF	9.6%	-39.5%	-87.9%	-82.6%	-90.8%	-70.8%	1.9%	3.3%	10.8%	7.7%	3.0%	1.8%	99.9%	16.2%	7.0%	22.8%	8.2%	19.1%	46.1%	49.8%	49.76%
EBITDA	5.3%	-1.5%	0.9%	-0.3%	1.7%	25.2%	30.4%	31.6%	40.6%	31.1%	31.5%	33.5%	26.7%	20.7%	19.1%	17.0%	18.3%	22.7%	28.8%	28.5%	28.52%
Op. Income	0.3%	-0.5%	3.5%	3.7%	7.4%	23.0%	30.7%	33.0%	44.1%	39.6%	39.3%	41.1%	31.9%	25.3%	22.4%	18.5%	19.9%	26.4%	33.5%	33.2%	33.23%
OCF Growth	snapshot only																				45.62%
Asset Growth	snapshot only																				27.35%
Equity Growth	snapshot only																				19.44%
Debt Growth	snapshot only																				64.01%
Shares Change	snapshot only																				0.33%
Dividend Growth	snapshot only																				10.99%

Growth (CAGR)

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Revenue 3Y	4.5%	3.6%	4.3%	4.2%	4.3%	5.5%	6.5%	9.9%	13.1%	15.1%	16.2%	15.1%	15.1%	15.3%	14.5%	15.1%	15.2%	15.0%	16.3%	16.1%	16.06%
Revenue 5Y	13.5%	11.4%	12.1%	11.1%	10.2%	9.8%	9.0%	8.6%	9.5%	9.6%	9.6%	9.6%	9.2%	8.8%	9.0%	10.9%	12.3%	14.0%	15.8%	15.6%	15.55%
EPS 3Y	4.9%	1.3%	-0.0%	-0.4%	-1.6%	3.0%	3.9%	9.1%	13.3%	17.0%	24.2%	25.1%	25.7%	28.9%	28.5%	28.9%	30.5%	26.8%	28.5%	28.6%	28.56%
EPS 5Y	19.8%	17.4%	21.0%	20.6%	19.0%	13.8%	13.4%	10.0%	9.5%	10.3%	12.8%	14.0%	13.7%	14.2%	13.0%	16.6%	18.7%	20.2%	23.4%	22.7%	22.66%
Net Income 3Y	5.3%	2.3%	0.1%	-0.6%	-1.8%	3.5%	3.6%	9.2%	13.4%	17.8%	24.1%	25.1%	25.7%	29.1%	28.7%	29.2%	30.8%	27.0%	28.6%	28.6%	28.63%
Net Income 5Y	20.2%	18.1%	21.4%	20.9%	19.2%	14.3%	13.6%	10.2%	9.6%	10.9%	13.0%	14.1%	13.8%	14.8%	13.0%	16.6%	18.7%	20.7%	23.3%	22.5%	22.54%
EBITDA 3Y	10.3%	3.1%	2.0%	1.8%	1.0%	4.7%	5.1%	10.2%	14.6%	17.4%	20.1%	20.5%	21.9%	25.6%	26.9%	27.1%	28.2%	24.7%	26.3%	26.1%	26.14%
EBITDA 5Y	17.6%	17.3%	18.2%	17.3%	14.9%	17.0%	15.8%	13.1%	13.9%	12.5%	12.7%	13.1%	12.9%	12.7%	12.7%	15.9%	17.7%	19.1%	21.6%	21.4%	21.35%
Gross Profit 3Y	3.0%	0.8%	0.6%	0.4%	0.3%	2.2%	3.7%	8.3%	12.6%	15.3%	17.8%	18.5%	20.5%	22.7%	22.8%	23.6%	23.2%	21.7%	22.5%	21.5%	21.52%
Gross Profit 5Y	10.7%	9.5%	10.5%	10.0%	9.0%	9.3%	8.8%	8.3%	9.5%	9.8%	10.1%	10.6%	10.7%	10.5%	10.8%	13.2%	14.5%	16.2%	18.4%	18.7%	18.70%
Op. Income 3Y	9.3%	2.5%	1.0%	0.8%	0.0%	3.0%	3.8%	10.1%	15.8%	19.5%	23.5%	24.9%	26.9%	29.1%	30.6%	30.5%	31.6%	30.3%	31.5%	30.6%	30.61%
Op. Income 5Y	14.9%	17.8%	19.9%	19.3%	16.8%	19.0%	17.8%	14.3%	15.1%	13.1%	13.4%	13.9%	13.7%	13.9%	13.8%	17.4%	19.7%	22.0%	25.2%	25.2%	25.18%
FCF 3Y	5.4%	-6.5%	-34.9%	-38.0%	-45.9%	-34.8%	-15.3%	-13.3%	5.9%	15.5%	11.9%	28.1%	29.4%	43.6%	1.3%	1.5%	1.9%	1.3%	84.1%	73.3%	73.28%
FCF 5Y	17.7%	28.2%	-16.1%	-23.9%	-30.2%	-21.9%	-4.8%	4.3%	4.8%	15.8%	26.2%	23.5%	30.1%	23.0%	21.0%	17.8%	20.7%	16.4%	17.0%	31.0%	31.04%
OCF 3Y	6.3%	3.1%	4.0%	1.7%	-0.2%	-11.4%	-15.0%	-13.4%	1.7%	12.6%	11.7%	26.4%	29.8%	31.5%	41.9%	44.4%	46.4%	52.5%	64.4%	59.2%	59.15%
OCF 5Y	18.8%	32.7%	13.6%	5.5%	6.3%	-0.3%	0.7%	7.3%	7.0%	15.9%	24.3%	22.5%	25.1%	17.5%	15.1%	12.4%	14.9%	13.3%	15.3%	27.5%	27.51%
Assets 3Y	9.2%	10.1%	10.0%	9.6%	7.7%	9.4%	8.9%	11.1%	10.5%	10.3%	9.3%	9.5%	9.7%	8.9%	9.7%	9.9%	9.8%	16.2%	15.7%	13.7%	13.68%
Assets 5Y	15.2%	16.3%	16.9%	7.7%	8.0%	9.0%	9.5%	10.3%	10.4%	9.6%	9.1%	9.1%	8.1%	8.7%	8.9%	9.6%	9.6%	14.6%	14.2%	13.6%	13.61%
Equity 3Y	14.4%	13.9%	12.8%	11.7%	11.1%	10.3%	11.5%	12.1%	12.0%	12.6%	13.2%	13.8%	14.5%	14.8%	15.1%	16.0%	16.9%	17.1%	17.6%	17.7%	17.73%
Book Value 3Y	14.0%	12.9%	12.7%	12.0%	11.3%	9.7%	11.7%	12.1%	12.0%	11.8%	13.3%	13.9%	14.5%	14.7%	14.9%	15.7%	16.6%	16.9%	17.5%	17.7%	17.67%
Dividend 3Y	3.2%	3.3%	2.9%	2.1%	1.0%	-0.8%	-0.1%	0.9%	1.7%	2.2%	5.6%	6.2%	6.7%	7.1%	5.9%	5.4%	5.2%	5.0%	4.2%	3.6%	3.59%

Growth Quality

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Revenue Stability	0.82	0.76	0.77	0.86	0.87	0.82	0.80	0.84	0.81	0.79	0.80	0.82	0.82	0.83	0.87	0.93	0.96	0.98	0.97	0.96	0.961
Earnings Stability	0.76	0.71	0.60	0.61	0.53	0.66	0.55	0.67	0.55	0.64	0.55	0.61	0.62	0.74	0.75	0.83	0.87	0.93	0.95	0.94	0.939
Margin Stability	0.95	0.96	0.95	0.95	0.95	0.95	0.95	0.96	0.96	0.95	0.95	0.94	0.93	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.93	0.93	0.93	0.929
Rev. Growth Consistency	0.50	0.50	0.50	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.000
Earn. Growth Consistency	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.00	0.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.000
FCF Positive Streak	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Earnings Persistence	0.97	0.98	0.98	1.00	0.99	0.92	0.89	0.88	0.85	0.88	0.83	0.50	0.82	0.85	0.94	0.96	0.96	0.94	0.89	0.88	0.885
Earnings Smoothness	0.93	0.96	0.96	0.99	0.98	0.82	0.75	0.73	0.68	0.73	0.65	0.60	0.63	0.68	0.85	0.91	0.90	0.87	0.75	0.75	0.748
ROE Trend	-0.03	-0.02	-0.03	-0.02	-0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.010
Gross Margin Trend	-0.02	-0.02	-0.03	-0.02	-0.02	-0.01	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.005
FCF Margin Trend	0.02	-0.02	-0.08	-0.07	-0.07	-0.06	-0.03	-0.00	0.02	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.030
Sustainable Growth Rate	11.9%	10.6%	10.2%	10.4%	10.5%	12.0%	12.6%	12.9%	13.7%	14.3%	16.2%	17.3%	17.5%	17.1%	16.1%	16.1%	16.4%	16.5%	17.9%	18.1%	18.06%
Internal Growth Rate	7.2%	6.5%	6.1%	6.3%	6.4%	7.3%	7.5%	7.7%	8.5%	9.3%	10.7%	11.7%	12.2%	12.4%	11.4%	11.8%	12.4%	11.4%	12.2%	13.0%	12.97%

Cash Flow Quality

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
OCF/Net Income	1.04	1.01	0.84	0.83	0.75	0.60	0.56	0.69	0.90	1.24	1.20	1.10	1.15	1.07	1.12	1.15	1.05	1.03	1.18	1.31	1.305
FCF/OCF	0.84	0.63	0.19	0.18	0.11	0.26	0.65	0.71	0.78	0.84	0.85	0.83	0.83	0.82	0.84	0.89	0.89	0.89	0.91	0.91	0.911
FCF/Net Income	snapshot only																				1.189
OCF/EBITDA	snapshot only																				0.770
CapEx/Revenue	1.5%	3.1%	5.3%	5.4%	5.2%	3.7%	1.7%	1.7%	1.7%	1.8%	1.9%	2.1%	2.2%	2.2%	2.0%	1.5%	1.4%	1.3%	1.2%	1.4%	1.36%
CapEx/Depreciation	snapshot only																				0.369
Accruals Ratio	-0.00	-0.00	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.01	-0.02	-0.02	-0.01	-0.02	-0.01	-0.01	-0.02	-0.01	-0.00	-0.02	-0.04	-0.040
Sloan Accruals	snapshot only																				0.015
Cash Flow Adequacy	snapshot only																				5.430
Earnings Quality Score	snapshot only																				1.000

Dividends & Buybacks

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Dividend Yield	0.9%	0.8%	1.1%	1.0%	1.0%	0.8%	0.7%	0.6%	0.6%	0.5%	0.5%	0.5%	0.5%	0.5%	0.7%	0.5%	0.5%	0.5%	0.5%	0.4%	0.51%
Dividend/Share	$0.35	$0.36	$0.36	$0.36	$0.36	$0.36	$0.36	$0.37	$0.38	$0.39	$0.42	$0.44	$0.46	$0.47	$0.50	$0.52	$0.54	$0.55	$0.56	$0.57	$0.59
Payout Ratio	20.0%	21.9%	22.2%	21.3%	20.8%	18.1%	17.1%	16.8%	15.9%	15.1%	14.1%	13.3%	13.2%	13.5%	14.5%	14.3%	14.0%	13.8%	12.8%	12.4%	12.37%
FCF Payout Ratio	22.8%	34.2%	1.4%	1.4%	2.5%	1.2%	46.8%	34.5%	22.7%	14.5%	13.8%	14.6%	13.8%	15.4%	15.4%	14.0%	15.0%	15.0%	11.9%	10.4%	10.41%
Total Payout Ratio	27.0%	44.0%	56.0%	56.1%	52.1%	35.8%	25.0%	23.6%	24.9%	23.1%	21.2%	19.8%	19.4%	19.5%	27.3%	35.3%	32.1%	30.8%	21.5%	15.0%	15.03%
Div. Increase Streak	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Chowder Number	0.12	0.14	0.11	0.07	0.03	-0.00	-0.00	0.03	0.06	0.10	0.18	0.20	0.22	0.24	0.20	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.14	0.12	0.118
Buyback Yield	0.3%	0.9%	1.7%	1.7%	1.5%	0.8%	0.3%	0.2%	0.4%	0.3%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.6%	0.7%	0.6%	0.6%	0.4%	0.1%	0.10%
Net Buyback Yield	0.3%	0.8%	1.6%	1.7%	1.5%	0.8%	0.3%	0.2%	0.4%	0.3%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.6%	0.7%	0.6%	0.6%	0.3%	0.1%	0.06%
Total Shareholder Return	1.2%	1.7%	2.7%	2.7%	2.5%	1.5%	1.0%	0.8%	1.0%	0.8%	0.7%	0.8%	0.7%	0.7%	1.3%	1.2%	1.0%	1.1%	0.8%	0.5%	0.51%

DuPont Factors

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Tax Burden (NI/EBT)	0.81	0.86	0.84	0.82	0.82	0.80	0.81	0.81	0.78	0.78	0.83	0.83	0.82	0.82	0.77	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.77	0.766
Interest Burden (EBT/EBIT)	0.97	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.95	0.94	0.92	0.91	0.90	0.91	0.92	0.94	0.95	0.95	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.95	0.95	0.948
EBIT Margin	0.11	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.11	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.14	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.161
Asset Turnover	0.95	0.94	0.94	0.95	0.97	0.99	0.99	1.01	1.07	1.10	1.09	1.08	1.08	1.10	1.08	1.09	1.12	1.05	1.08	1.12	1.124
Equity Multiplier	1.76	1.73	1.79	1.76	1.74	1.76	1.80	1.79	1.75	1.69	1.68	1.66	1.61	1.55	1.57	1.53	1.49	1.62	1.64	1.57	1.573

Per Share

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
EPS (Diluted TTM)	$1.74	$1.63	$1.61	$1.69	$1.73	$1.97	$2.08	$2.18	$2.37	$2.56	$2.95	$3.28	$3.45	$3.49	$3.41	$3.62	$3.84	$4.01	$4.40	$4.64	$4.64
Book Value/Share	$12.41	$12.71	$12.83	$13.29	$13.57	$14.07	$14.39	$15.05	$15.57	$16.26	$16.95	$17.82	$18.63	$19.16	$19.46	$20.59	$21.53	$22.47	$23.33	$24.51	$24.76
Tangible Book/Share	$3.01	$2.37	$2.49	$2.87	$3.27	$3.26	$3.44	$3.78	$4.40	$5.22	$6.00	$6.95	$7.79	$8.22	$7.48	$8.52	$9.49	$6.17	$6.73	$7.87	$7.87
Revenue/Share	$19.56	$19.66	$20.60	$21.29	$22.04	$23.44	$24.31	$25.50	$27.13	$27.97	$28.61	$29.34	$29.79	$30.07	$30.75	$32.21	$33.48	$35.46	$38.09	$39.80	$40.20
FCF/Share	$1.52	$1.04	$0.26	$0.25	$0.14	$0.31	$0.76	$1.06	$1.65	$2.66	$3.02	$2.99	$3.29	$3.08	$3.22	$3.69	$3.58	$3.69	$4.73	$5.52	$5.57
OCF/Share	$1.81	$1.65	$1.35	$1.39	$1.30	$1.17	$1.17	$1.50	$2.12	$3.16	$3.55	$3.62	$3.96	$3.74	$3.83	$4.17	$4.04	$4.14	$5.19	$6.06	$6.12
Cash/Share	$1.43	$0.66	$0.64	$0.51	$0.58	$0.78	$0.63	$0.79	$0.67	$0.99	$0.79	$0.79	$1.19	$1.47	$0.93	$1.06	$0.89	$1.04	$1.16	$1.02	$1.03
EBITDA/Share	$3.01	$2.80	$2.84	$3.01	$3.10	$3.53	$3.71	$3.92	$4.32	$4.60	$4.85	$5.21	$5.45	$5.52	$5.76	$6.14	$6.48	$6.81	$7.45	$7.86	$7.86
Debt/Share	$4.62	$5.08	$5.79	$5.82	$5.86	$6.35	$6.56	$7.09	$6.36	$5.21	$4.77	$4.60	$4.20	$4.08	$4.94	$4.83	$3.96	$9.67	$9.48	$7.90	$7.90
Net Debt/Share	$3.19	$4.43	$5.15	$5.30	$5.28	$5.57	$5.94	$6.29	$5.69	$4.22	$3.97	$3.81	$3.01	$2.61	$4.01	$3.78	$3.07	$8.63	$8.32	$6.88	$6.88

Academic Models

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Altman Z-Score	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.722
Altman Z-Prime	snapshot only																				13.386
Piotroski F-Score	6	4	5	6	5	7	7	6	7	7	8	7	7	7	7	8	7	5	8	7	7
Beneish M-Score	-2.42	-2.28	-2.22	-2.26	-2.20	-2.10	-2.15	-2.26	-2.23	-2.55	-2.62	-2.50	-2.63	-2.52	-2.29	-2.44	-2.16	-1.86	-2.14	-2.28	-2.277
Ohlson O-Score	snapshot only																				-9.178
ROIC (Greenblatt)	snapshot only																				45.49%
Net-Net WC	snapshot only																				$-1.23
EVA	snapshot only																				$122587652.27

Credit

Metric	Q3'21	Q4'21	Q1'22	Q2'22	Q3'22	Q4'22	Q1'23	Q2'23	Q3'23	Q4'23	Q1'24	Q2'24	Q3'24	Q4'24	Q1'25	Q2'25	Q3'25	Q4'25	Q1'26	Q2'26	Current
Credit Rating	snapshot only																				AA+
Credit Score	93.26	92.19	84.13	89.14	87.22	87.49	87.19	87.81	87.92	91.53	92.66	94.89	94.48	96.02	95.67	95.71	96.85	93.78	92.48	92.52	92.522
Credit Grade	snapshot only																				2
Credit Trend	snapshot only																				-3.186
Implied Spread (bps)	snapshot only																				65.000
Industry Credit Rank	snapshot only																				90
Sector Credit Rank	snapshot only																				85

FSS NYSE

Edge Score

Analyst Insights

Financial Rating

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Risk & Quality Signals

Valuation

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Profitability Trends

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Earnings Stability

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

Executive Compensation

C-Suite Compensation

CEO Pay Ratio

C-Suite Pay Equality (Gini)

CEO Compensation Mix

Workforce & Productivity

Scaling Efficiency

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