— Know what they know.
Not Investment Advice
Also trades as: RUAL.ME (MCX) · $vol 14M · UNRIF (OTC) · $vol 0M

0486.HK HKSE

United Company RUSAL, International Public Joint-Stock Company
1W: -2.1% 1M: -1.8% 3M: -8.5% YTD: -49.9% 1Y: -38.5% 3Y: -11.4% 5Y: -43.8%
HK$2.80 ($0.36)
-0.06 (-2.10%)
 
Weekly Expected Move ±3.5%
HK$3 HK$3 HK$3 HK$3 HK$3
HKSE · Basic Materials · Aluminum · Tech Score Strong Sell · Power 41 · HK$42.5B mcap · 2.64B float · 0.013% daily turnover

Financial Rating

Composite financial health rating (A+ to F) based on discounted cash flow valuation, return on equity, return on assets, debt-to-equity leverage, and relative P/E and P/B multiples.

B
Oct 02, 2026
DCF
1
ROE
3
ROA
5
D/E
1
P/E
1
P/B
5
The Financial Rating evaluates six fundamental factors — discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), debt-to-equity leverage (D/E), and relative price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) multiples — each scored 1–5. 0486.HK receives an overall rating of B. Strongest factors: ROA (5/5), P/B (5/5). Areas of concern: DCF (1/5), D/E (1/5), P/E (1/5).
Rating Change History
DateFromTo
2026-10-02 B- B
2026-08-31 C- B-
2026-07-09 D+ C-
2026-05-21 B- D+
2026-04-08 None ADDED
2026-04-07 EXISTED None
2026-04-01 C+ B-
2026-01-03 B- C+

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Proprietary multi-factor scorecard rating companies across seven fundamental dimensions — profitability, balance sheet strength, earnings quality, growth, value, momentum, and safety — each scored 0–100.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ — Grade B
Profitability
22
Balance Sheet
48
Earnings Quality
82
Growth
40
Value
—
Momentum
70
Safety
—
Cash Flow
35

Risk & Quality Signals

Academic financial models used by institutional investors to assess bankruptcy risk, earnings manipulation, financial strength, and credit quality.

Altman Z-Score
—
—
Piotroski F-Score
6/9
✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓
Beneish M-Score
-2.50
Unlikely Manipulator
Ohlson O-Score
-7.83
Bankruptcy prob: 0.0%
Low Risk
Credit Rating
BB+
Score: 47.3/100
Trend: Deteriorating
Earnings Quality
75/100
OCF/NI: 3.84x
Accruals: -5.4%
The Piotroski F-Score (2000) is a 9-point binary checklist — four profitability tests (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, cash flow exceeding net income), three leverage tests (declining debt ratio, improving current ratio, no share dilution), and two efficiency tests (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Each pass scores 1 point. 0486.HK scores 6/9, indicating moderate financial health — some areas of strength offset by weaknesses in others. The Beneish M-Score (1999) is an 8-variable model that detects earnings manipulation by comparing year-over-year changes in receivables, gross margins, asset quality, sales growth, depreciation, SG&A, leverage, and accruals. Scores above −1.78 statistically resemble past manipulators. 0486.HK's score of -2.50 falls below this threshold, suggesting earnings are unlikely to be manipulated. The Ohlson O-Score (1980) is a 9-variable logistic regression that estimates bankruptcy probability using firm size, leverage, working capital, current ratio, profitability (ROA), cash flow coverage, negative equity flag, consecutive losses flag, and earnings trajectory. The raw score is converted to a probability via logistic transformation. 0486.HK's implied 0.0% bankruptcy probability is well within safe territory. Our Credit Rating model scores companies on five weighted components — solvency (30%), earning power (25%), leverage (20%), liquidity (15%), and cash flow quality (10%) — then blends the absolute score with sector and industry peer rankings. For companies with large buyback programs, equity is adjusted by adding back cumulative 5-year repurchases (capped at 80% of FCF generated) to avoid penalizing shareholder-friendly capital allocation. 0486.HK receives an estimated rating of BB+ (score: 47.3/100), with a deteriorating trend. The Earnings Quality score measures how well reported earnings are backed by real cash. It evaluates the operating cash flow to net income ratio (OCF/NI ≥ 1.0 means every dollar of earnings is cash-backed) and the accruals ratio (the gap between earnings and cash flow relative to assets — lower is better). 0486.HK's score of 75/100 is high — cash flows strongly support reported earnings.

Valuation

Key valuation multiples comparing the stock's market price to its earnings, revenue, book value, and cash flows. Lower multiples may indicate relative undervaluation versus peers.

P/E
104.96x
PEG
0.45x
P/S
0.35x
P/B
0.45x
P/FCF
—
P/OCF
—
EV/EBITDA
—
EV/Revenue
—
EV/EBIT
—
EV/FCF
—
Earnings Yield
—
FCF Yield
—
Shareholder Yield
—
Graham Number
$0.73
Equity-based multiples (P/E, P/B, P/FCF) compare the stock price to per-share fundamentals and are affected by capital structure. Enterprise value multiples (EV/EBITDA, EV/Revenue, EV/FCF) strip out debt and cash, making them more useful for cross-company comparisons regardless of how companies are financed. The Graham Number — √(22.5 × EPS × Book Value) — is Benjamin Graham's formula for the maximum price a defensive investor should pay. At 105.0x earnings, 0486.HK is priced for high growth expectations. Graham's intrinsic value formula yields $0.73 per share, 283% below the current price.

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

The 5-factor DuPont framework breaks Return on Equity into its component drivers — tax efficiency, interest burden, operating profitability, asset utilization, and financial leverage — to reveal what truly drives shareholder returns.

Tax Burden
0.654
NI / EBT
×
Interest Burden
0.313
EBT / EBIT
×
EBIT Margin
0.116
EBIT / Rev
×
Asset Turnover
0.798
Rev / Assets
×
Equity Multiplier
2.042
Assets / Equity
=
ROE
3.9%
The 5-factor DuPont identity decomposes ROE as: Tax Burden × Interest Burden × EBIT Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier = ROE. This reveals whether returns are driven by operating performance, financial leverage, or tax efficiency — three very different sources of profitability. 0486.HK's ROE of 3.9% is driven by Asset Turnover (0.798), indicating efficient use of assets to generate revenue.

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Our adaptation of Graham's growth formula (Fair P/E = 8.5 + 2g) from The Intelligent Investor. The classic version relies on analyst growth projections, which can be unreliable. This adjusted model substitutes the company's realized 3-year EPS CAGR — a backward-looking, verifiable measure of actual earnings power — grounding the valuation in demonstrated performance rather than forecasts.

Two adjustments we make, and why. Growth is capped at 15%. Graham defined g as expected growth over the next seven to ten years, not last year's rate. Across US companies since 1994 the median realized 7-year EPS growth is 5–8% regardless of how fast a company grew beforehand, and of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it. Uncapped, the formula assigned fair multiples in the hundreds to companies that had never held that rate — and scored worse than simply reading the P/E. Capped, it carries real information. The verdict has three states, not two. Tested over 377,249 stock-months, this ratio only separates outcomes at its extremes: below 0.25 beat the universe by 1.3 points a year, above 3.0 lagged by 2.7, and everything in between sat inside a one-point band. Rather than call two-thirds of the market "undervalued" on a threshold of 1.0, we say Neutral where the model cannot tell — which is most of the time.

Adj. Growth Rate
0.00%
Fair P/E
8.50x
Intrinsic Value
$0.25
Price/Value
—
Margin of Safety
—
Premium
—
Graham's classic formula uses analyst-projected growth to estimate a fair P/E (8.5 + 2g). Our adjusted version replaces that projection with 0486.HK's realized 0.0% 3-year EPS CAGR, capped at 15% — demonstrated performance rather than forecasts, held to a rate companies have historically sustained. 0486.HK trades at a premium to its adjusted intrinsic value of $0.25, suggesting the market is pricing in future growth beyond what historical earnings support. The adjusted fair P/E of 8.5x compares to the current market P/E of 105.0x.

Profitability Trends

Historical profitability ratios tracking how efficiently the company converts revenue into returns for shareholders over time.

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Debt and liquidity metrics showing the company's financial leverage and ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations.

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Operating efficiency metrics measuring how quickly the company converts inventory to sales, collects receivables, and manages its cash conversion cycle.

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Year-over-year growth rates for key financial metrics, showing the trajectory of revenue, earnings, and cash flow generation.

Earnings Stability

R-squared of linear regression measuring how predictably revenue, earnings, and margins follow a trend over the trailing 5 years. 1.0 = perfectly predictable; lower values indicate erratic or cyclical behavior.

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

Geometric Brownian Motion with 1,000 antithetic paths over 1 year, seeded from 1800 days of historical volatility. Percentile bands show the range of statistically plausible outcomes — this is a statistical model, not a forecast.

Current Price
$2.80
Median 1Y
$2.43
5th Pctile
$1.08
95th Pctile
$5.49
Ann. Volatility
50.2%
25th–75th percentile 5th–95th percentile Median path Historical
All Ratios & Metrics

Complete fundamental data with up to 20 periods of history, sparkline trends, and current values across 13 categories and 130+ financial metrics.

Profitability
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
ROE 11.4% 23.9% 37.9% 35.9% 37.8% 25.3% 23.9% 20.5% 15.7% 8.9% 4.1% 3.5% 2.4% 3.1% 3.7% 5.5% 7.2% 3.6% 3.0% 3.9% 3.86%
ROA 4.3% 9.8% 15.6% 16.0% 16.8% 13.3% 12.6% 10.3% 7.9% 5.0% 2.3% 1.8% 1.2% 1.6% 2.0% 2.8% 3.7% 1.9% 1.5% 1.9% 1.89%
ROIC 2.4% 5.7% 9.3% 10.7% 13.0% 9.9% 10.1% 9.2% 7.1% 5.0% 3.4% 0.5% -0.1% 0.8% 1.3% 1.7% 2.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.1% 3.12%
ROCE 1.8% 4.7% 7.8% 10.8% 13.6% 12.8% 14.2% 10.9% 8.0% 4.5% 0.4% 0.8% 1.2% 2.8% 4.3% 5.5% 6.3% 12.0% 13.8% 15.3% 15.31%
Gross Margin 21.1% 29.9% 29.9% 31.9% 31.9% 33.4% 33.4% 11.9% 11.9% 12.2% 12.2% 16.6% 16.6% 23.0% 23.0% 23.7% 23.7% 18.8% 24.3% 24.3% 24.32%
Operating Margin 7.1% 18.3% 18.3% 18.7% 18.7% 21.7% 21.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% -0.7% -0.7% 7.7% 7.7% -1.1% -1.1% 3.4% 9.4% 9.4% 9.40%
Net Margin 19.4% 37.0% 37.0% 18.4% 18.4% 23.5% 23.5% 1.7% 1.7% 7.1% 7.1% -2.2% -2.2% 9.9% 9.9% 3.7% 3.7% -1.2% 5.0% 5.0% 5.03%
EBITDA Margin 14.0% 24.1% 24.1% 24.0% 24.0% 25.2% 25.2% 3.1% 3.1% 4.8% 4.8% 7.9% 7.9% 13.8% 13.8% 11.0% 11.0% 15.0% 14.7% 14.7% 14.72%
FCF Margin 2.5% 4.1% 5.6% 2.4% -0.2% -6.1% -11.4% -11.5% -11.6% -7.4% -2.9% 1.5% 6.0% 3.1% 0.0% -3.5% -7.0% -1.1% 0.9% 0.0% 0.01%
OCF Margin 12.7% 14.4% 15.8% 12.4% 9.6% 2.6% -3.5% -3.2% -2.9% 1.4% 6.1% 10.2% 14.4% 11.9% 9.4% 6.7% 4.0% 9.4% 10.9% 9.1% 9.09%
ROE 3Y Avg snapshot only 4.30%
ROE 5Y Avg snapshot only 12.20%
ROA 3Y Avg snapshot only 2.15%
ROIC 3Y Avg snapshot only 2.28%
ROIC Economic snapshot only 3.01%
Cash ROA snapshot only 6.78%
Cash ROIC snapshot only 8.25%
CROIC snapshot only 0.01%
NOPAT Margin snapshot only 3.43%
Pretax Margin snapshot only 3.62%
R&D / Revenue snapshot only 0.00%
SGA / Revenue snapshot only 12.36%
SBC / Revenue snapshot only 0.00%
Valuation
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
P/E Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 104.959
P/S Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.347
P/B Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.446
P/FCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
P/OCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/EBITDA — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/Revenue — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/EBIT — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/FCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Earnings Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
FCF Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
PEG Ratio snapshot only 0.449
Graham Number snapshot only $0.73
Leverage & Solvency
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Current Ratio 2.11 2.25 2.25 1.84 1.84 1.51 1.51 2.20 2.20 2.74 2.74 2.14 2.14 1.42 1.42 1.24 1.24 0.93 0.72 0.72 0.718
Quick Ratio 1.28 1.49 1.49 1.03 1.03 0.74 0.74 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.17 1.17 0.71 0.71 0.57 0.57 0.44 0.32 0.32 0.320
Debt/Equity 1.19 0.84 0.84 0.64 0.64 0.49 0.49 0.77 0.77 0.69 0.69 0.72 0.71 0.64 0.64 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.82 0.82 0.818
Net Debt/Equity 0.83 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.39 0.39 0.50 0.51 0.55 0.55 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.57 0.57 0.59 0.73 0.73 0.726
Debt/Assets 0.45 0.38 0.38 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.39 0.39 0.389
Debt/EBITDA 9.08 5.60 4.03 2.80 2.35 2.34 2.16 3.52 4.72 6.19 15.61 12.34 10.06 7.45 6.01 5.75 5.36 3.83 4.07 3.67 3.675
Net Debt/EBITDA 6.31 2.83 2.03 1.91 1.60 1.85 1.70 2.30 3.09 4.93 12.44 8.88 7.23 6.06 4.89 4.58 4.27 3.22 3.61 3.26 3.263
Interest Coverage — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8.92 5.11 2.36 2.57 3.25 3.245
Equity Multiplier 2.66 2.19 2.19 1.99 1.99 1.71 1.71 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.95 1.95 1.84 1.84 1.98 1.98 1.99 2.10 2.10 2.101
Cash Ratio snapshot only 0.100
Debt Service Coverage snapshot only 3.986
Cash to Debt snapshot only 0.112
FCF to Debt snapshot only 0.000
Defensive Interval snapshot only 280.8 days
Efficiency & Turnover
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Asset Turnover 0.49 0.50 0.54 0.57 0.63 0.56 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.798
Inventory Turnover 2.99 2.84 2.90 2.62 2.77 2.41 2.54 2.44 2.63 2.47 2.52 2.68 2.58 2.44 2.34 2.34 2.29 3.21 3.41 3.33 3.332
Receivables Turnover 15.98 14.55 18.69 15.71 17.13 12.14 12.94 13.77 13.90 11.74 11.21 12.12 11.85 10.32 10.21 10.79 10.85 11.21 13.27 14.68 14.678
Payables Turnover 11.77 11.70 11.94 10.19 10.75 8.77 9.24 10.32 11.13 10.44 10.65 10.90 10.51 11.52 11.04 8.48 8.32 10.57 14.12 12.61 12.608
DSO 23 25 20 23 21 30 28 27 26 31 33 30 31 35 36 34 34 33 28 25 24.9 days
DIO 122 128 126 139 132 152 144 149 139 148 145 136 141 150 156 156 159 114 107 110 109.5 days
DPO 31 31 31 36 34 42 40 35 33 35 34 33 35 32 33 43 44 35 26 29 29.0 days
Cash Conversion Cycle 114 122 115 127 119 140 133 141 132 144 143 133 137 153 159 147 149 112 109 105 105.5 days
Fixed Asset Turnover snapshot only 2.624
Operating Cycle snapshot only 134.4 days
Cash Velocity snapshot only 17.102
Capital Intensity snapshot only 1.340
Growth (YoY)
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Revenue -11.8% -2.8% 11.2% 25.3% 40.0% 38.4% 37.0% 25.8% 16.5% 4.1% -6.8% -9.7% -12.6% -9.6% -6.3% -3.7% -1.1% 38.6% 51.1% 58.5% 58.47%
Net Income -20.9% 1.9% 12.7% 5.7% 3.2% 67.0% -0.5% -23.6% -44.4% -61.9% -81.5% -82.6% -84.3% -69.5% -19.9% 50.9% 1.8% 22.3% -15.6% -26.7% -26.67%
EPS -20.9% 1.9% 12.7% 5.7% 3.2% 67.0% -0.5% -23.6% -44.4% -61.9% -81.5% -82.6% -84.3% -69.5% -19.9% 50.9% 1.8% 22.3% -15.6% -26.7% -26.67%
FCF -73.4% -27.4% 1.8% 1.1% -1.1% -3.0% -3.8% -6.9% -88.7% -26.4% 75.9% 1.1% 1.5% 1.4% 1.0% -3.3% -2.2% -1.5% 29.8% 1.0% 1.00%
EBITDA -63.8% -25.1% 49.7% 1.2% 2.4% 1.2% 72.7% 11.4% -30.1% -59.8% -85.2% -76.2% -61.2% -17.9% 1.6% 1.2% 90.0% 1.2% 90.4% 95.4% 95.41%
Op. Income -87.2% -49.2% 33.8% 1.4% 7.3% 2.2% 1.1% 23.7% -28.0% -66.4% -97.2% -98.5% -1.0% -77.2% 4.1% 10.5% 31.7% 1.1% 45.2% 1.6% 1.62%
OCF Growth snapshot only 1.16%
Asset Growth snapshot only 15.00%
Equity Growth snapshot only 8.36%
Debt Growth snapshot only 24.86%
Shares Change snapshot only 0.00%
Dividend Growth snapshot only -1.00%
Growth (CAGR)
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Revenue 3Y -4.9% -3.8% -0.7% 1.0% 5.3% 9.8% 11.0% 13.0% 12.9% 11.9% 12.4% 12.5% 12.6% 9.2% 6.2% 3.0% 0.2% 9.3% 9.7% 11.3% 11.25%
Revenue 5Y -0.3% 2.7% 5.0% 7.1% 8.5% 9.0% 9.1% 8.4% 7.0% 5.1% 4.6% 3.2% 3.5% 4.5% 3.6% 4.6% 4.5% 11.9% 15.0% 16.8% 16.76%
EPS 3Y -14.7% 5.0% 19.4% 15.5% 23.8% 28.9% 28.2% 34.2% 23.2% 23.0% 36.2% -3.9% -28.1% -42.1% -47.2% -41.4% -37.1% -47.8% -50.0% -42.2% -42.24%
EPS 5Y 6.3% 74.8% — 62.9% 22.3% 19.8% 15.8% 10.4% 8.0% -5.9% -20.7% -27.2% -30.2% -24.3% -20.8% -8.7% -3.5% -7.1% 11.3% -0.3% -0.33%
Net Income 3Y -14.7% 5.0% 19.4% 15.5% 23.8% 28.9% 28.2% 34.2% 23.2% 23.0% 36.2% -3.9% -28.1% -42.1% -47.2% -41.4% -37.1% -47.8% -50.0% -42.2% -42.24%
Net Income 5Y 6.3% 74.8% — 62.9% 22.3% 19.8% 15.8% 10.4% 8.0% -5.9% -20.7% -27.2% -30.2% -24.3% -20.8% -8.7% -3.5% -7.1% 11.3% -0.3% -0.33%
EBITDA 3Y -27.0% -15.2% -5.9% -0.8% 8.4% 10.9% 11.7% 6.0% -5.2% -12.5% -27.5% -16.7% -3.0% -9.8% -13.1% -17.0% -19.8% -10.8% -10.2% 0.1% 0.14%
EBITDA 5Y -14.4% -0.7% 9.7% 14.5% 11.2% 11.0% 10.7% 4.6% -1.8% -11.4% -26.6% -23.7% -19.1% -14.7% -11.9% -9.4% -8.9% 3.4% 13.3% 19.5% 19.55%
Gross Profit 3Y -19.5% -11.3% -3.6% 1.1% 9.5% 18.3% 25.9% 28.7% 26.1% 17.0% 6.2% 6.7% 6.7% 0.6% -3.2% -6.4% -8.8% -4.5% -4.2% 3.0% 2.95%
Gross Profit 5Y -10.0% 0.1% 7.8% 12.0% 14.2% 13.7% 13.7% 8.8% 2.8% -3.9% -11.8% -11.5% -9.0% -3.6% 0.9% 7.5% 12.0% 19.3% 25.0% 25.2% 25.21%
Op. Income 3Y -44.0% -20.4% -6.6% 0.4% 11.9% 13.9% 13.9% 6.7% -8.6% -18.7% -57.1% -64.4% — -37.8% -33.2% -40.1% -45.1% -45.7% -40.9% -23.0% -22.98%
Op. Income 5Y -28.3% -4.5% 11.8% 18.8% 15.8% 15.0% 15.4% 8.3% 1.0% -11.8% -45.5% -54.8% — -35.4% -26.8% -26.7% -29.4% -23.8% -10.3% 6.5% 6.47%
FCF 3Y -37.1% -16.9% 1.9% -1.0% — — — — — — — 12.6% 51.1% -1.2% -79.2% — — — — — —
FCF 5Y -27.2% -12.6% -3.0% -13.9% — — — — — — — -8.1% — 26.7% -56.5% — — — -4.8% -56.4% -56.44%
OCF 3Y -13.8% -5.9% 1.1% 2.6% 19.0% -27.2% — — — -49.5% -10.3% 6.4% 17.3% 2.5% -10.9% -16.2% -25.0% 67.6% — — —
OCF 5Y -7.0% 0.9% 6.7% 3.8% -1.6% -21.8% — — — -35.1% -12.6% 0.1% 20.9% 10.8% 1.9% -7.2% -21.8% 1.8% 12.7% 10.4% 10.43%
Assets 3Y 3.3% 7.5% 8.2% 9.4% 9.8% 14.8% 13.6% 12.0% 11.4% 8.6% 8.6% 7.3% 7.3% 2.5% 2.5% 2.0% 2.0% -1.8% 0.1% 1.2% 1.20%
Assets 5Y 6.3% 9.2% 8.5% 9.0% 7.7% 11.3% 11.2% 9.6% 9.3% 5.4% 5.8% 6.1% 6.3% 5.6% 4.9% 4.8% 4.5% 7.5% 8.8% 8.0% 8.00%
Equity 3Y 13.8% 23.1% 23.8% 25.6% 26.4% 36.7% 33.3% 24.5% 22.2% 23.6% 23.6% 19.0% 19.0% 8.6% 8.6% 2.1% 2.1% -6.6% -6.5% -0.4% -0.42%
Book Value 3Y 13.8% 23.1% 23.8% 25.6% 26.4% 36.7% 33.3% 24.5% 22.2% 23.6% 23.6% 19.0% 19.0% 8.6% 8.6% 2.1% 2.1% -6.6% -6.5% -0.4% -0.42%
Dividend 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — 0.0% — — -98.7% -98.4% — — — — —
Growth Quality
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Revenue Stability 0.00 0.18 0.37 0.38 0.44 0.60 0.54 0.56 0.46 0.46 0.49 0.41 0.43 0.55 0.43 0.49 0.39 0.73 0.66 0.65 0.648
Earnings Stability 0.01 0.30 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.36 0.27 0.17 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.14 0.18 0.181
Margin Stability 0.74 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.75 0.72 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.60 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.66 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.60 0.71 0.712
Rev. Growth Consistency 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.500
Earn. Growth Consistency 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.000
FCF Positive Streak 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Earnings Persistence 0.92 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.91 0.82 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.92 0.50 0.50 0.91 0.94 0.89 0.893
Earnings Smoothness 0.77 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 0.73 0.43 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.59 0.04 0.80 0.83 0.69 0.692
ROE Trend -0.12 0.02 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.06 0.02 0.01 -0.07 -0.10 -0.21 -0.20 -0.20 -0.12 -0.09 -0.06 -0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.009
Gross Margin Trend -0.05 0.01 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.06 -0.01 -0.09 -0.17 -0.15 -0.12 -0.08 -0.03 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.046
FCF Margin Trend -0.01 0.01 0.03 -0.01 -0.06 -0.11 -0.15 -0.13 -0.13 -0.06 -0.00 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.01 -0.04 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.010
Sustainable Growth Rate 11.4% 23.9% 37.9% 35.9% 37.8% 25.3% 23.9% 19.2% 13.1% 6.6% 1.8% 2.2% 2.4% 3.1% 3.7% 5.5% 7.2% 3.6% 3.0% 3.9% 3.86%
Internal Growth Rate 4.5% 10.9% 18.5% 19.0% 20.3% 15.4% 14.4% 10.6% 7.0% 3.8% 1.0% 1.1% 1.2% 1.7% 2.0% 2.9% 3.8% 1.9% 1.5% 1.9% 1.93%
Cash Flow Quality
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
OCF/Net Income 1.44 0.73 0.55 0.45 0.36 0.11 -0.17 -0.19 -0.23 0.16 1.47 3.12 6.24 4.06 2.63 1.30 0.60 3.63 5.48 3.84 3.838
FCF/OCF 0.20 0.29 0.35 0.20 -0.02 -2.35 3.25 3.56 3.92 -5.37 -0.48 0.14 0.42 0.26 0.00 -0.53 -1.76 -0.11 0.08 0.00 0.001
FCF/Net Income snapshot only 0.004
OCF/EBITDA snapshot only 0.640
CapEx/Revenue 10.2% 10.3% 10.3% 10.0% 9.7% 8.7% 7.9% 8.2% 8.6% 8.8% 9.1% 8.7% 8.4% 8.8% 9.3% 10.2% 11.0% 10.4% 10.1% 9.1% 9.08%
CapEx/Depreciation snapshot only 3.441
Accruals Ratio -0.02 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.04 -0.01 -0.04 -0.06 -0.05 -0.03 -0.01 0.01 -0.05 -0.07 -0.05 -0.054
Sloan Accruals snapshot only -0.220
Cash Flow Adequacy snapshot only 1.001
Earnings Quality Score snapshot only 0.750
Dividends & Buybacks
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Dividend Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00%
Dividend/Share $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.01 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.01 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00
Payout Ratio 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.5% 16.8% 26.0% 56.7% 37.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.00%
FCF Payout Ratio 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% — — — — — — — 83.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% — — — 0.0% 0.0% 0.00%
Total Payout Ratio 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.5% 16.8% 26.0% 56.7% 37.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.00%
Div. Increase Streak — — — — — — — 0 0 0 0 0 — — 0 0 0 0 — — —
Chowder Number — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Buyback Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Net Buyback Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total Shareholder Return — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
DuPont Factors
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Tax Burden (NI/EBT) 1.06 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.83 1.04 7.51 2.59 1.16 0.75 0.61 0.79 0.94 0.70 0.72 0.65 0.654
Interest Burden (EBT/EBIT) 2.68 2.39 2.34 1.90 1.64 1.50 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.33 0.91 1.07 1.12 1.01 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.34 0.25 0.31 0.313
EBIT Margin 0.03 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.116
Asset Turnover 0.49 0.50 0.54 0.57 0.63 0.56 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.798
Equity Multiplier 2.65 2.43 2.43 2.24 2.24 1.90 1.90 1.99 1.99 1.79 1.79 1.98 1.98 1.87 1.87 1.96 1.96 1.91 1.97 2.04 2.042
Per Share
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
EPS (Diluted TTM) $0.05 $0.12 $0.19 $0.20 $0.21 $0.20 $0.19 $0.15 $0.12 $0.08 $0.04 $0.03 $0.02 $0.02 $0.03 $0.04 $0.05 $0.03 $0.02 $0.03 $0.03
Book Value/Share $0.43 $0.61 $0.61 $0.69 $0.69 $0.98 $0.98 $0.81 $0.81 $0.74 $0.74 $0.73 $0.73 $0.79 $0.79 $0.74 $0.74 $0.80 $0.80 $0.80 $0.80
Tangible Book/Share $0.27 $0.45 $0.45 $0.53 $0.53 $0.79 $0.79 $0.64 $0.64 $0.58 $0.58 $0.57 $0.57 $0.63 $0.63 $0.59 $0.59 $0.64 $0.65 $0.65 $0.65
Revenue/Share $0.56 $0.61 $0.66 $0.72 $0.79 $0.85 $0.90 $0.91 $0.92 $0.88 $0.84 $0.82 $0.80 $0.80 $0.79 $0.79 $0.80 $1.10 $1.19 $1.25 $1.03
FCF/Share $0.01 $0.03 $0.04 $0.02 $-0.00 $-0.05 $-0.10 $-0.10 $-0.11 $-0.07 $-0.02 $0.01 $0.05 $0.02 $0.00 $-0.03 $-0.06 $-0.01 $0.01 $0.00 $-0.01
OCF/Share $0.07 $0.09 $0.10 $0.09 $0.08 $0.02 $-0.03 $-0.03 $-0.03 $0.01 $0.05 $0.08 $0.12 $0.09 $0.07 $0.05 $0.03 $0.10 $0.13 $0.11 $0.08
Cash/Share $0.16 $0.26 $0.26 $0.14 $0.14 $0.10 $0.10 $0.22 $0.22 $0.10 $0.10 $0.15 $0.15 $0.09 $0.09 $0.11 $0.11 $0.09 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07
EBITDA/Share $0.06 $0.09 $0.13 $0.16 $0.19 $0.21 $0.22 $0.18 $0.13 $0.08 $0.03 $0.04 $0.05 $0.07 $0.08 $0.09 $0.10 $0.15 $0.16 $0.18 $0.18
Debt/Share $0.51 $0.52 $0.52 $0.45 $0.45 $0.48 $0.48 $0.62 $0.63 $0.51 $0.51 $0.52 $0.52 $0.51 $0.51 $0.52 $0.52 $0.56 $0.65 $0.65 $0.65
Net Debt/Share $0.36 $0.26 $0.26 $0.30 $0.30 $0.38 $0.38 $0.41 $0.41 $0.41 $0.41 $0.37 $0.37 $0.41 $0.41 $0.42 $0.42 $0.47 $0.58 $0.58 $0.58
Academic Models
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Altman Z-Score — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Piotroski F-Score 6 6 7 7 7 7 5 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6
Beneish M-Score -2.89 -2.06 -1.87 -1.55 -1.47 -1.42 -1.30 -0.86 -0.97 -1.73 -2.00 -2.93 -3.06 -2.53 -2.45 -2.46 -2.35 -1.59 -2.64 -2.50 -2.498
Ohlson O-Score snapshot only -7.830
ROIC (Greenblatt) snapshot only 53.51%
Net-Net WC snapshot only $-0.35
EVA snapshot only $-1443802828.14
Credit
Metric Trend Q4'20 Q1'21 Q2'21 Q3'21 Q4'21 Q1'22 Q2'22 Q3'22 Q4'22 Q1'23 Q2'23 Q3'23 Q4'23 Q1'24 Q2'24 Q3'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q1'26 Q2'26 Current
Credit Rating snapshot only BB+
Credit Score 59.75 63.85 65.75 66.50 65.60 63.50 62.90 63.65 62.15 61.65 61.25 61.85 50.25 57.75 57.15 54.75 51.65 43.95 42.00 47.25 47.250
Credit Grade snapshot only 11
Credit Trend snapshot only -7.500
Implied Spread (bps) snapshot only 400.000

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