HK$20.04 ($2.55)

+0.04 (+0.20%)

Weekly Expected Move ±9.7%

HK$16 HK$18 HK$20 HK$22 HK$24

HKSE · Basic Materials · Industrial Materials · Tech Score Strong Buy · Power 70 · HK$31.2B mcap · 398M float · 1.09% daily turnover

Overview Chart Financials Income Statement Cash Flow Balance Sheet Earnings

Analysis Technicals Weather Peers ETF Exposure

Financial Rating

Composite financial health rating (A+ to F) based on discounted cash flow valuation, return on equity, return on assets, debt-to-equity leverage, and relative P/E and P/B multiples.

Oct 02, 2026

DCF

ROE

ROA

D/E

P/E

P/B

The Financial Rating evaluates six fundamental factors — discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), debt-to-equity leverage (D/E), and relative price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) multiples — each scored 1–5. 2245.HK receives an overall rating of A. Strongest factors: DCF (5/5), ROE (5/5), ROA (5/5). Areas of concern: D/E (1/5).

Rating Change History

Date	From	To
2026-08-31	B+	A
2026-07-31	A-	B+
2026-05-19	A	A-
2026-04-08	None	ADDED
2026-04-07	EXISTED	None
2026-02-24	B+	A
2026-02-16	B	B+
2026-02-02	B+	B

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Proprietary multi-factor scorecard rating companies across seven fundamental dimensions — profitability, balance sheet strength, earnings quality, growth, value, momentum, and safety — each scored 0–100.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ — Grade A

Profitability

Balance Sheet

Earnings Quality

Growth

Value

—

Momentum

100

Safety

—

Cash Flow

Risk & Quality Signals

Academic financial models used by institutional investors to assess bankruptcy risk, earnings manipulation, financial strength, and credit quality.

Altman Z-Score

—

Piotroski F-Score

9/9

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Beneish M-Score

-1.81

Unlikely Manipulator

Ohlson O-Score

-9.20

Bankruptcy prob: 0.0%

Low Risk

Credit Rating

BBB+

Score: 60.6/100

Trend: Improving

Earnings Quality

75/100

OCF/NI: 1.61x

Accruals: -9.2%

The Piotroski F-Score (2000) is a 9-point binary checklist — four profitability tests (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, cash flow exceeding net income), three leverage tests (declining debt ratio, improving current ratio, no share dilution), and two efficiency tests (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Each pass scores 1 point. 2245.HK scores 9/9, signaling strong financial health across all three dimensions. The Beneish M-Score (1999) is an 8-variable model that detects earnings manipulation by comparing year-over-year changes in receivables, gross margins, asset quality, sales growth, depreciation, SG&A, leverage, and accruals. Scores above −1.78 statistically resemble past manipulators. 2245.HK's score of -1.81 falls below this threshold, suggesting earnings are unlikely to be manipulated. The Ohlson O-Score (1980) is a 9-variable logistic regression that estimates bankruptcy probability using firm size, leverage, working capital, current ratio, profitability (ROA), cash flow coverage, negative equity flag, consecutive losses flag, and earnings trajectory. The raw score is converted to a probability via logistic transformation. 2245.HK's implied 0.0% bankruptcy probability is well within safe territory. Our Credit Rating model scores companies on five weighted components — solvency (30%), earning power (25%), leverage (20%), liquidity (15%), and cash flow quality (10%) — then blends the absolute score with sector and industry peer rankings. For companies with large buyback programs, equity is adjusted by adding back cumulative 5-year repurchases (capped at 80% of FCF generated) to avoid penalizing shareholder-friendly capital allocation. 2245.HK receives an estimated rating of BBB+ (score: 60.6/100), with a improving trend. The Earnings Quality score measures how well reported earnings are backed by real cash. It evaluates the operating cash flow to net income ratio (OCF/NI ≥ 1.0 means every dollar of earnings is cash-backed) and the accruals ratio (the gap between earnings and cash flow relative to assets — lower is better). 2245.HK's score of 75/100 is high — cash flows strongly support reported earnings.

Valuation

Key valuation multiples comparing the stock's market price to its earnings, revenue, book value, and cash flows. Lower multiples may indicate relative undervaluation versus peers.

P/E

6.43x

PEG

0.11x

P/S

0.57x

P/B

1.90x

P/FCF

—

P/OCF

—

EV/EBITDA

—

EV/Revenue

—

EV/EBIT

—

EV/FCF

—

Earnings Yield

—

FCF Yield

—

Shareholder Yield

—

Graham Number

$29.62

Equity-based multiples (P/E, P/B, P/FCF) compare the stock price to per-share fundamentals and are affected by capital structure. Enterprise value multiples (EV/EBITDA, EV/Revenue, EV/FCF) strip out debt and cash, making them more useful for cross-company comparisons regardless of how companies are financed. The Graham Number — √(22.5 × EPS × Book Value) — is Benjamin Graham's formula for the maximum price a defensive investor should pay. At 6.4x earnings, 2245.HK trades at a deep value multiple. Graham's intrinsic value formula yields $29.62 per share, suggesting a potential 48% margin of safety at the current price.

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

The 5-factor DuPont framework breaks Return on Equity into its component drivers — tax efficiency, interest burden, operating profitability, asset utilization, and financial leverage — to reveal what truly drives shareholder returns.

Tax Burden

0.477

NI / EBT

Interest Burden

0.976

EBT / EBIT

EBIT Margin

0.173

EBIT / Rev

Asset Turnover

1.867

Rev / Assets

Equity Multiplier

3.806

Assets / Equity

ROE

57.3%

The 5-factor DuPont identity decomposes ROE as: Tax Burden × Interest Burden × EBIT Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier = ROE. This reveals whether returns are driven by operating performance, financial leverage, or tax efficiency — three very different sources of profitability. 2245.HK's ROE of 57.3% is driven by financial leverage (equity multiplier: 3.81x). Note: high leverage means ROE is amplified by debt rather than operational performance. A tax burden ratio of 0.48 suggests the company retains less than 60% of pre-tax earnings after taxes.

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Our adaptation of Graham's growth formula (Fair P/E = 8.5 + 2g) from The Intelligent Investor. The classic version relies on analyst growth projections, which can be unreliable. This adjusted model substitutes the company's realized 3-year EPS CAGR — a backward-looking, verifiable measure of actual earnings power — grounding the valuation in demonstrated performance rather than forecasts.

Two adjustments we make, and why. Growth is capped at 15%. Graham defined g as expected growth over the next seven to ten years, not last year's rate. Across US companies since 1994 the median realized 7-year EPS growth is 5–8% regardless of how fast a company grew beforehand, and of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it. Uncapped, the formula assigned fair multiples in the hundreds to companies that had never held that rate — and scored worse than simply reading the P/E. Capped, it carries real information. The verdict has three states, not two. Tested over 377,249 stock-months, this ratio only separates outcomes at its extremes: below 0.25 beat the universe by 1.3 points a year, above 3.0 lagged by 2.7, and everything in between sat inside a one-point band. Rather than call two-thirds of the market "undervalued" on a threshold of 1.0, we say Neutral where the model cannot tell — which is most of the time.

Adj. Growth Rate

15.00%

Fair P/E

38.50x

Intrinsic Value

$166.86

Price/Value

—

Margin of Safety

—

Premium

—

Graham's classic formula uses analyst-projected growth to estimate a fair P/E (8.5 + 2g). Our adjusted version replaces that projection with 2245.HK's realized 15.0% 3-year EPS CAGR, capped at 15% — demonstrated performance rather than forecasts, held to a rate companies have historically sustained. 2245.HK trades at a premium to its adjusted intrinsic value of $166.86, suggesting the market is pricing in future growth beyond what historical earnings support. The adjusted fair P/E of 38.5x compares to the current market P/E of 6.4x.

Profitability Trends

Historical profitability ratios tracking how efficiently the company converts revenue into returns for shareholders over time.

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Debt and liquidity metrics showing the company's financial leverage and ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations.

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Operating efficiency metrics measuring how quickly the company converts inventory to sales, collects receivables, and manages its cash conversion cycle.

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Year-over-year growth rates for key financial metrics, showing the trajectory of revenue, earnings, and cash flow generation.

Earnings Stability

R-squared of linear regression measuring how predictably revenue, earnings, and margins follow a trend over the trailing 5 years. 1.0 = perfectly predictable; lower values indicate erratic or cyclical behavior.

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

Geometric Brownian Motion with 1,000 antithetic paths over 1 year, seeded from 933 days of historical volatility. Percentile bands show the range of statistically plausible outcomes — this is a statistical model, not a forecast.

Current Price

$20.04

Median 1Y

$17.51

5th Pctile

$5.17

95th Pctile

$59.42

Ann. Volatility

67.4%

25th–75th percentile 5th–95th percentile Median path Historical

All Ratios & Metrics

Complete fundamental data with up to 20 periods of history, sparkline trends, and current values across 13 categories and 130+ financial metrics.

Profitability

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
ROE	4.5%	8.4%	15.6%	21.2%	29.4%	38.7%	42.2%	57.3%	57.31%
ROA	1.8%	2.6%	4.7%	5.8%	9.6%	10.9%	11.7%	15.1%	15.06%
ROIC	7.4%	11.1%	17.3%	19.4%	28.3%	32.8%	40.2%	51.4%	51.37%
ROCE	5.1%	8.7%	13.8%	17.6%	25.4%	31.5%	31.9%	42.7%	42.72%
Gross Margin	17.0%	16.9%	15.4%	16.8%	19.2%	19.7%	18.7%	25.4%	25.35%
Operating Margin	9.9%	9.7%	10.5%	11.7%	15.9%	16.2%	15.3%	22.0%	21.97%
Net Margin	4.6%	3.6%	6.1%	5.4%	6.5%	7.9%	6.5%	10.8%	10.79%
EBITDA Margin	12.7%	12.9%	13.4%	13.9%	18.0%	18.4%	18.0%	25.1%	25.11%
FCF Margin	-22.3%	-26.6%	-18.7%	-22.0%	-10.1%	-4.4%	-1.7%	3.3%	3.35%
OCF Margin	4.2%	2.6%	10.0%	7.0%	13.5%	13.1%	11.5%	13.0%	12.98%
ROIC Economic	snapshot only								37.10%
Cash ROA	snapshot only								19.84%
Cash ROIC	snapshot only								47.33%
CROIC	snapshot only								12.22%
NOPAT Margin	snapshot only								14.08%
Pretax Margin	snapshot only								16.92%
R&D / Revenue	snapshot only								0.00%
SGA / Revenue	snapshot only								3.30%
SBC / Revenue	snapshot only								0.00%

Valuation

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
P/E Ratio	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.434
P/S Ratio	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.565
P/B Ratio	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.902
P/FCF	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
P/OCF	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
EV/EBITDA	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
EV/Revenue	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
EV/EBIT	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
EV/FCF	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Earnings Yield	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
FCF Yield	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
PEG Ratio	snapshot only								0.110
Graham Number	snapshot only								$29.62

Leverage & Solvency

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Current Ratio	1.82	1.41	1.11	1.01	0.91	0.87	1.14	1.19	1.188
Quick Ratio	1.58	1.20	0.87	0.79	0.67	0.62	0.82	0.77	0.772
Debt/Equity	0.74	1.36	1.26	1.59	1.29	1.41	1.46	1.39	1.387
Net Debt/Equity	0.22	0.70	0.75	1.17	0.82	0.86	0.69	0.64	0.637
Debt/Assets	0.30	0.42	0.38	0.43	0.36	0.38	0.39	0.35	0.355
Debt/EBITDA	5.97	5.19	3.01	2.83	1.83	1.69	1.54	1.15	1.149
Net Debt/EBITDA	1.75	2.67	1.81	2.09	1.16	1.03	0.72	0.53	0.528
Interest Coverage	—	—	—	15.38	11.66	9.48	8.72	11.14	11.136
Equity Multiplier	2.46	3.27	3.34	3.66	3.53	3.76	3.79	3.91	3.907
Cash Ratio	snapshot only								0.505
Debt Service Coverage	snapshot only								12.987
Cash to Debt	snapshot only								0.540
FCF to Debt	snapshot only								0.144
Defensive Interval	snapshot only								1899.1 days

Efficiency & Turnover

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Asset Turnover	0.40	0.63	0.96	1.15	1.71	1.65	1.76	1.87	1.867
Inventory Turnover	6.00	8.19	11.23	12.76	18.39	15.66	15.04	11.72	11.725
Receivables Turnover	7.25	17.83	29.50	19.12	33.76	40.71	41.10	26.85	26.848
Payables Turnover	7.15	11.19	19.67	19.04	33.41	29.03	31.39	24.90	24.897
DSO	50	20	12	19	11	9	9	14	13.6 days
DIO	61	45	33	29	20	23	24	31	31.1 days
DPO	51	33	19	19	11	13	12	15	14.7 days
Cash Conversion Cycle	60	32	26	29	20	20	22	30	30.1 days
Fixed Asset Turnover	snapshot only								3.149
Operating Cycle	snapshot only								44.7 days
Cash Velocity	snapshot only								7.970
Capital Intensity	snapshot only								0.654

Growth (YoY)

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Revenue	—	—	—	—	5.1%	2.4%	1.4%	1.1%	1.08%
Net Income	—	—	—	—	6.3%	4.4%	2.2%	2.3%	2.33%
EPS	—	—	—	—	5.4%	4.4%	2.2%	2.3%	2.33%
FCF	—	—	—	—	-1.7%	44.0%	78.6%	1.3%	1.32%
EBITDA	—	—	—	—	6.2%	3.3%	2.2%	2.2%	2.16%
Op. Income	—	—	—	—	6.7%	3.9%	2.6%	2.5%	2.49%
OCF Growth	snapshot only								2.85%
Asset Growth	snapshot only								56.78%
Equity Growth	snapshot only								46.76%
Debt Growth	snapshot only								28.29%
Shares Change	snapshot only								0.00%
Dividend Growth	snapshot only								1.15%

Growth Quality

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Revenue Stability	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Earnings Stability	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Margin Stability	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Rev. Growth Consistency	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.500
Earn. Growth Consistency	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.500
FCF Positive Streak	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Earnings Persistence	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Earnings Smoothness	—	—	—	—	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.000
ROE Trend	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Gross Margin Trend	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
FCF Margin Trend	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Sustainable Growth Rate	4.5%	3.0%	5.5%	8.2%	9.8%	22.3%	23.6%	34.6%	34.61%
Internal Growth Rate	1.9%	0.9%	1.7%	2.3%	3.3%	6.7%	7.0%	10.0%	10.00%

Cash Flow Quality

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
OCF/Net Income	0.92	0.63	2.04	1.39	2.41	1.98	1.73	1.61	1.609
FCF/OCF	-5.25	-10.26	-1.88	-3.14	-0.75	-0.34	-0.15	0.26	0.258
FCF/Net Income	snapshot only								0.415
OCF/EBITDA	snapshot only								0.642
CapEx/Revenue	26.5%	29.2%	28.6%	29.0%	23.6%	17.5%	13.2%	9.6%	9.63%
CapEx/Depreciation	snapshot only								3.343
Accruals Ratio	0.00	0.01	-0.05	-0.02	-0.14	-0.11	-0.09	-0.09	-0.092
Sloan Accruals	snapshot only								0.030
Cash Flow Adequacy	snapshot only								1.012
Earnings Quality Score	snapshot only								0.750

Dividends & Buybacks

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Dividend Yield	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.44%
Dividend/Share	$0.00	$0.30	$0.60	$0.80	$1.21	$1.07	$1.31	$1.72	$0.59
Payout Ratio	0.0%	64.5%	65.0%	61.5%	66.8%	42.4%	44.1%	39.6%	39.61%
FCF Payout Ratio	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	95.4%	95.39%
Total Payout Ratio	0.0%	64.5%	65.0%	61.5%	66.8%	42.4%	44.1%	39.6%	39.61%
Div. Increase Streak	—	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0
Chowder Number	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Buyback Yield	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Net Buyback Yield	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Total Shareholder Return	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

DuPont Factors

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Tax Burden (NI/EBT)	0.49	0.51	0.56	0.57	0.51	0.51	0.48	0.48	0.477
Interest Burden (EBT/EBIT)	0.97	0.83	0.86	0.87	0.91	0.95	0.96	0.98	0.976
EBIT Margin	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.12	0.14	0.15	0.17	0.173
Asset Turnover	0.40	0.63	0.96	1.15	1.71	1.65	1.76	1.87	1.867
Equity Multiplier	2.46	3.27	3.34	3.66	3.06	3.55	3.60	3.81	3.806

Per Share

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
EPS (Diluted TTM)	$0.28	$0.46	$0.92	$1.30	$1.82	$2.51	$2.98	$4.33	$4.33
Book Value/Share	$6.24	$5.54	$5.90	$6.13	$6.91	$7.45	$8.18	$9.00	$15.14
Tangible Book/Share	$5.70	$5.08	$5.48	$5.82	$6.62	$7.17	$7.93	$8.76	$8.76
Revenue/Share	$6.12	$11.31	$18.88	$25.87	$32.32	$38.02	$44.65	$53.74	$30.28
FCF/Share	$-1.36	$-3.01	$-3.52	$-5.69	$-3.27	$-1.69	$-0.75	$1.80	$0.81
OCF/Share	$0.26	$0.29	$1.88	$1.81	$4.37	$4.98	$5.14	$6.97	$3.51
Cash/Share	$3.28	$3.65	$2.97	$2.54	$3.23	$4.10	$6.33	$6.74	$6.74
EBITDA/Share	$0.78	$1.45	$2.46	$3.43	$4.88	$6.25	$7.79	$10.86	$10.86
Debt/Share	$4.64	$7.52	$7.41	$9.73	$8.90	$10.54	$11.98	$12.48	$12.48
Net Debt/Share	$1.36	$3.87	$4.44	$7.18	$5.67	$6.44	$5.65	$5.73	$5.73

Academic Models

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Altman Z-Score	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Piotroski F-Score	3	3	4	4	6	8	8	9	9
Beneish M-Score	—	—	—	—	-2.21	-2.33	-1.66	-1.81	-1.806
Ohlson O-Score	snapshot only								-9.199
ROIC (Greenblatt)	snapshot only								47.58%
Net-Net WC	snapshot only								$-4.15
EVA	snapshot only								$9482880388.01

Credit

Metric	Q4'22	Q2'23	Q4'23	Q2'24	Q4'24	Q2'25	Q4'25	Q2'26	Current
Credit Rating	snapshot only								BBB+
Credit Score	56.35	53.34	55.77	56.55	58.10	55.78	56.49	60.62	60.625
Credit Grade	snapshot only								8
Credit Trend	snapshot only								4.077
Implied Spread (bps)	snapshot only								225.000
Industry Credit Rank	snapshot only								52
Sector Credit Rank	snapshot only								50

2245.HK HKSE

Financial Rating

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Risk & Quality Signals

Valuation

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Profitability Trends

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Earnings Stability

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

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