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ALFA.L LSE

Alfa Financial Software Holdings PLC
1W: +0.0% 1M: -10.4% 3M: -3.5% YTD: -21.7% 1Y: -28.5% 3Y: +14.9% 5Y: +25.9%
£155.00 ($2.05)
-0.60 (-0.39%)
 
Weekly Expected Move ±3.4%
£144 £150 £155 £160 £166
LSE · Technology · Software - Application · Tech Score Sell · Power 35 · £460.8M mcap · 129M float · 0.500% daily turnover

Financial Rating

Composite financial health rating (A+ to F) based on discounted cash flow valuation, return on equity, return on assets, debt-to-equity leverage, and relative P/E and P/B multiples.

A-
Oct 02, 2026
DCF
5
ROE
5
ROA
5
D/E
2
P/E
3
P/B
1
The Financial Rating evaluates six fundamental factors — discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), debt-to-equity leverage (D/E), and relative price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) multiples — each scored 1–5. ALFA.L receives an overall rating of A-. Strongest factors: DCF (5/5), ROE (5/5), ROA (5/5). Areas of concern: D/E (2/5), P/B (1/5).
Rating Change History
DateFromTo
2026-10-01 A A-
2026-09-04 A- A
2026-08-14 A A-
2026-07-14 A- A
2026-07-13 A A-
2026-07-06 A- A
2026-06-04 A A-
2026-05-18 A- A
2026-05-11 A A-
2026-05-05 A- A

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Proprietary multi-factor scorecard rating companies across seven fundamental dimensions — profitability, balance sheet strength, earnings quality, growth, value, momentum, and safety — each scored 0–100.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 85 Grade A+
Profitability
91
Balance Sheet
87
Earnings Quality
71
Growth
83
Value
59
Momentum
91
Safety
100
Cash Flow
84
The InsiderStreet Scorecard rates companies across eight dimensions: Profitability (margins, ROA, ROE), Balance Sheet (leverage, liquidity, coverage), Earnings Quality (accruals, cash conversion), Growth (revenue and earnings trajectory), Value (P/E, P/B, earnings yield, Graham criteria), Momentum (revenue and earnings acceleration), Safety (Altman Z-Score risk adjustment), and Cash Flow (operating cash flow quality, FCF conversion, cash coverage). The overall score blends 35% quality, 35% value, and 30% momentum, with a penalty for distress-zone Altman scores. ALFA.L scores highest in Safety (100/100) and lowest in Value (59/100). An overall grade of A+ places ALFA.L among the highest-quality companies in its peer group.

Risk & Quality Signals

Academic financial models used by institutional investors to assess bankruptcy risk, earnings manipulation, financial strength, and credit quality.

Altman Z-Score
13.80
Safe Zone
Piotroski F-Score
8/9
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Beneish M-Score
-2.70
Unlikely Manipulator
Ohlson O-Score
-11.13
Bankruptcy prob: 0.0%
Low Risk
Credit Rating
AAA
Score: 95.3/100
Trend: Stable
Earnings Quality
75/100
OCF/NI: 1.14x
Accruals: -9.4%
The Altman Z-Score (1968) combines five ratios — working capital, retained earnings, EBIT, market value of equity, and sales, all relative to total assets or liabilities — into a single bankruptcy predictor. ALFA.L scores 13.80, placing it in the Safe Zone (safe > 2.99, distress < 1.81). Bankruptcy is statistically unlikely within the next two years. The Piotroski F-Score (2000) is a 9-point binary checklist — four profitability tests (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, cash flow exceeding net income), three leverage tests (declining debt ratio, improving current ratio, no share dilution), and two efficiency tests (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Each pass scores 1 point. ALFA.L scores 8/9, signaling strong financial health across all three dimensions. The Beneish M-Score (1999) is an 8-variable model that detects earnings manipulation by comparing year-over-year changes in receivables, gross margins, asset quality, sales growth, depreciation, SG&A, leverage, and accruals. Scores above −1.78 statistically resemble past manipulators. ALFA.L's score of -2.70 falls below this threshold, suggesting earnings are unlikely to be manipulated. The Ohlson O-Score (1980) is a 9-variable logistic regression that estimates bankruptcy probability using firm size, leverage, working capital, current ratio, profitability (ROA), cash flow coverage, negative equity flag, consecutive losses flag, and earnings trajectory. The raw score is converted to a probability via logistic transformation. ALFA.L's implied 0.0% bankruptcy probability is well within safe territory. Our Credit Rating model scores companies on five weighted components — solvency (30%), earning power (25%), leverage (20%), liquidity (15%), and cash flow quality (10%) — then blends the absolute score with sector and industry peer rankings. For companies with large buyback programs, equity is adjusted by adding back cumulative 5-year repurchases (capped at 80% of FCF generated) to avoid penalizing shareholder-friendly capital allocation. ALFA.L receives an estimated rating of AAA (score: 95.3/100), with a stable trend. The Earnings Quality score measures how well reported earnings are backed by real cash. It evaluates the operating cash flow to net income ratio (OCF/NI ≥ 1.0 means every dollar of earnings is cash-backed) and the accruals ratio (the gap between earnings and cash flow relative to assets — lower is better). ALFA.L's score of 75/100 is high — cash flows strongly support reported earnings.

Valuation

Key valuation multiples comparing the stock's market price to its earnings, revenue, book value, and cash flows. Lower multiples may indicate relative undervaluation versus peers.

P/E
16.58x
PEG
-2.79x
P/S
3.56x
P/B
8.86x
P/FCF
7.18x
P/OCF
7.01x
EV/EBITDA
5.59x
EV/Revenue
1.79x
EV/EBIT
5.92x
EV/FCF
6.97x
Earnings Yield
12.49%
FCF Yield
13.93%
Shareholder Yield
12.99%
Graham Number
$0.87
Equity-based multiples (P/E, P/B, P/FCF) compare the stock price to per-share fundamentals and are affected by capital structure. Enterprise value multiples (EV/EBITDA, EV/Revenue, EV/FCF) strip out debt and cash, making them more useful for cross-company comparisons regardless of how companies are financed. The Graham Number — √(22.5 × EPS × Book Value) — is Benjamin Graham's formula for the maximum price a defensive investor should pay. At 16.6x earnings, ALFA.L trades at a reasonable valuation. An earnings yield of 12.5% exceeds typical risk-free rates, suggesting equities are being compensated for risk. Graham's intrinsic value formula yields $0.87 per share, 17696% below the current price.

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

The 5-factor DuPont framework breaks Return on Equity into its component drivers — tax efficiency, interest burden, operating profitability, asset utilization, and financial leverage — to reveal what truly drives shareholder returns.

Tax Burden
0.751
NI / EBT
×
Interest Burden
1.013
EBT / EBIT
×
EBIT Margin
0.302
EBIT / Rev
×
Asset Turnover
2.903
Rev / Assets
×
Equity Multiplier
1.797
Assets / Equity
=
ROE
119.9%
The 5-factor DuPont identity decomposes ROE as: Tax Burden × Interest Burden × EBIT Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier = ROE. This reveals whether returns are driven by operating performance, financial leverage, or tax efficiency — three very different sources of profitability. ALFA.L's ROE of 119.9% is driven by Asset Turnover (2.903), indicating efficient use of assets to generate revenue.

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Our adaptation of Graham's growth formula (Fair P/E = 8.5 + 2g) from The Intelligent Investor. The classic version relies on analyst growth projections, which can be unreliable. This adjusted model substitutes the company's realized 3-year EPS CAGR — a backward-looking, verifiable measure of actual earnings power — grounding the valuation in demonstrated performance rather than forecasts.

Two adjustments we make, and why. Growth is capped at 15%. Graham defined g as expected growth over the next seven to ten years, not last year's rate. Across US companies since 1994 the median realized 7-year EPS growth is 5–8% regardless of how fast a company grew beforehand, and of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it. Uncapped, the formula assigned fair multiples in the hundreds to companies that had never held that rate — and scored worse than simply reading the P/E. Capped, it carries real information. The verdict has three states, not two. Tested over 377,249 stock-months, this ratio only separates outcomes at its extremes: below 0.25 beat the universe by 1.3 points a year, above 3.0 lagged by 2.7, and everything in between sat inside a one-point band. Rather than call two-thirds of the market "undervalued" on a threshold of 1.0, we say Neutral where the model cannot tell — which is most of the time.

Adj. Growth Rate
15.00%
Fair P/E
38.50x
Intrinsic Value
$7.44
Price/Value
0.21x
Margin of Safety
79.21%
Premium
-79.21%
Assessment
Undervalued
Graham's classic formula uses analyst-projected growth to estimate a fair P/E (8.5 + 2g). Our adjusted version replaces that projection with ALFA.L's realized 15.0% 3-year EPS CAGR, capped at 15% — demonstrated performance rather than forecasts, held to a rate companies have historically sustained. ALFA.L actually compounded EPS at 25.2% over three years; the model uses 15%, the highest rate it will extrapolate — of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it over the following seven years. At an intrinsic value of $7.44, ALFA.L appears undervalued with a 79% margin of safety. The adjusted fair P/E of 38.5x compares to the current market P/E of 16.6x.

Profitability Trends

Historical profitability ratios tracking how efficiently the company converts revenue into returns for shareholders over time.

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Debt and liquidity metrics showing the company's financial leverage and ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations.

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Operating efficiency metrics measuring how quickly the company converts inventory to sales, collects receivables, and manages its cash conversion cycle.

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Year-over-year growth rates for key financial metrics, showing the trajectory of revenue, earnings, and cash flow generation.

Earnings Stability

R-squared of linear regression measuring how predictably revenue, earnings, and margins follow a trend over the trailing 5 years. 1.0 = perfectly predictable; lower values indicate erratic or cyclical behavior.

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

Geometric Brownian Motion with 1,000 antithetic paths over 1 year, seeded from 1800 days of historical volatility. Percentile bands show the range of statistically plausible outcomes — this is a statistical model, not a forecast.

Current Price
$155.00
Median 1Y
$154.65
5th Pctile
$68.04
95th Pctile
$351.78
Ann. Volatility
45.3%
25th–75th percentile 5th–95th percentile Median path Historical
All Ratios & Metrics

Complete fundamental data with up to 20 periods of history, sparkline trends, and current values across 13 categories and 130+ financial metrics.

Profitability
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
ROE 26.4% 47.8% 53.4% 60.4% 66.1% 41.5% 38.6% 45.9% 50.5% 62.9% 65.0% 85.5% 90.4% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.20%
ROA 14.8% 35.8% 40.2% 49.7% 41.0% 29.8% 27.4% 33.2% 30.9% 39.2% 39.6% 50.8% 49.0% 60.3% 57.8% 60.9% 58.7% 67.2% 66.7% 66.71%
ROIC 68.7% 1.3% 1.5% 1.7% 88.4% 67.3% 71.6% 75.2% 1.2% 1.1% 1.2% 1.3% 1.8% 1.6% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.6% 1.5% 1.50%
ROCE 44.1% 70.5% 76.1% 83.0% 51.0% 36.1% 35.0% 49.0% 54.9% 81.3% 91.5% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.15%
Gross Margin 76.3% 75.9% 73.0% 73.7% 66.2% 68.8% 73.3% 79.8% 60.0% 62.8% 60.8% 61.1% 61.1% 58.9% 62.9% 66.0% 64.2% 60.4% 57.1% 57.14%
Operating Margin 37.6% 49.8% 26.1% 36.1% 17.0% 24.3% 25.5% 32.4% 27.8% 30.8% 29.8% 26.7% 31.2% 27.7% 31.0% 31.4% 34.6% 29.1% 28.4% 28.42%
Net Margin 22.5% 36.9% 20.4% 30.0% 13.1% 18.3% 20.5% 30.8% 21.4% 24.7% 26.4% 26.1% 25.1% 20.8% 22.8% 23.8% 25.4% 22.1% 20.7% 20.74%
EBITDA Margin 38.1% 50.4% 27.5% 36.6% 22.4% 29.1% 31.4% 37.2% 31.3% 35.5% 36.0% 32.8% 34.8% 29.5% 31.5% 31.1% 33.3% 31.9% 31.5% 31.49%
FCF Margin 17.5% 21.2% 20.0% 20.8% 23.8% 22.2% 24.8% 28.1% 31.0% 30.9% 31.1% 28.5% 29.0% 27.6% 27.2% 27.0% 24.2% 27.6% 25.6% 25.62%
OCF Margin 18.1% 22.0% 20.8% 21.6% 25.1% 24.2% 26.9% 30.3% 32.8% 32.3% 32.7% 30.5% 31.5% 30.6% 29.7% 29.0% 25.6% 28.2% 26.2% 26.22%
ROE 3Y Avg snapshot only 1.08%
ROE 5Y Avg snapshot only 81.97%
ROA 3Y Avg snapshot only 57.82%
ROIC 3Y Avg snapshot only 1.27%
ROIC Economic snapshot only 1.03%
Cash ROA snapshot only 72.51%
Cash ROIC snapshot only 1.69%
CROIC snapshot only 1.66%
NOPAT Margin snapshot only 23.16%
Pretax Margin snapshot only 30.59%
R&D / Revenue snapshot only 2.37%
SGA / Revenue snapshot only 29.87%
SBC / Revenue snapshot only 0.72%
Valuation
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
P/E Ratio 96.38 43.72 11.38 5.55 5.84 8.89 5.18 10.31 8.81 12.27 9.05 10.18 10.91 8.02 10.78 12.63 12.63 11.31 8.01 16.578
P/S Ratio 21.67 12.88 3.07 1.54 1.53 1.86 1.08 2.20 2.03 3.00 2.34 2.52 2.79 1.97 2.56 2.93 2.95 2.66 1.84 3.563
P/B Ratio 25.47 20.89 6.07 3.35 2.90 3.06 1.67 5.23 4.89 11.19 9.36 10.60 12.23 9.16 11.89 13.43 12.78 12.18 8.86 8.860
P/FCF 124.04 60.73 15.37 7.41 6.44 8.38 4.38 7.81 6.54 9.70 7.52 8.85 9.63 7.13 9.40 10.85 12.19 9.64 7.18 7.178
P/OCF 119.91 58.65 14.77 7.13 6.10 7.69 4.03 7.25 6.18 9.28 7.15 8.26 8.86 6.45 8.62 10.10 11.52 9.43 7.01 7.014
EV/EBITDA 55.61 28.39 7.00 3.23 3.68 5.35 2.40 6.74 5.59 8.73 6.59 7.28 7.78 5.72 7.74 9.05 9.16 8.09 5.59 5.590
EV/Revenue 21.22 12.53 2.77 1.26 1.31 1.57 0.73 2.06 1.81 2.96 2.31 2.47 2.70 1.90 2.49 2.87 2.88 2.59 1.79 1.786
EV/EBIT 56.36 28.76 7.14 3.29 3.86 5.86 2.68 7.79 6.34 9.84 7.38 8.02 8.49 6.19 8.19 9.49 9.43 8.39 5.92 5.916
EV/FCF 121.44 59.05 13.87 6.04 5.50 7.06 2.93 7.32 5.84 9.58 7.43 8.66 9.31 6.88 9.17 10.65 11.92 9.38 6.97 6.972
Earnings Yield 1.0% 2.3% 8.8% 18.0% 17.1% 11.2% 19.3% 9.7% 11.3% 8.1% 11.1% 9.8% 9.2% 12.5% 9.3% 7.9% 7.9% 8.8% 12.5% 12.49%
FCF Yield 0.8% 1.6% 6.5% 13.5% 15.5% 11.9% 22.9% 12.8% 15.3% 10.3% 13.3% 11.3% 10.4% 14.0% 10.6% 9.2% 8.2% 10.4% 13.9% 13.93%
Price/Tangible Book snapshot only 34.750
EV/OCF snapshot only 6.812
EV/Gross Profit snapshot only 2.891
Acquirers Multiple snapshot only 5.793
Shareholder Yield snapshot only 12.99%
Graham Number snapshot only $0.87
Leverage & Solvency
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Current Ratio 1.42 2.55 2.75 3.95 3.47 4.14 3.60 2.80 2.14 1.65 1.49 1.52 1.41 1.48 1.43 1.52 1.60 1.60 1.77 1.770
Quick Ratio 1.42 2.55 2.75 3.95 3.47 4.14 3.60 2.80 2.14 1.65 1.49 1.52 1.41 1.48 1.43 1.49 1.60 1.60 1.77 1.770
Debt/Equity 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.23 0.20 0.29 0.26 0.39 0.39 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.174
Net Debt/Equity -0.53 -0.58 -0.60 -0.62 -0.42 -0.48 -0.55 -0.32 -0.52 -0.14 -0.11 -0.22 -0.41 -0.32 -0.29 -0.24 -0.28 -0.33 -0.25 -0.255
Debt/Assets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.18 0.15 0.20 0.19 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.100
Debt/EBITDA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.48 0.43 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.28 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.113
Net Debt/EBITDA -1.19 -0.81 -0.76 -0.73 -0.62 -1.00 -1.18 -0.45 -0.67 -0.11 -0.08 -0.16 -0.27 -0.21 -0.20 -0.17 -0.21 -0.23 -0.17 -0.166
Interest Coverage — — — — 154.84 42.53 30.24 22.95 25.73 30.47 32.97 38.79 45.01 54.55 62.00 53.50 52.08 52.14 50.20 50.200
Equity Multiplier 1.78 1.34 1.33 1.21 1.52 1.43 1.46 1.59 1.76 1.94 2.04 1.82 1.97 1.79 1.86 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.74 1.741
Cash Ratio snapshot only 0.895
Debt Service Coverage snapshot only 53.133
Cash to Debt snapshot only 2.467
FCF to Debt snapshot only 7.100
Defensive Interval snapshot only 189.1 days
Efficiency & Turnover
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Asset Turnover 0.66 1.21 1.49 1.79 1.56 1.42 1.31 1.56 1.35 1.61 1.53 2.05 1.92 2.46 2.44 2.63 2.51 2.85 2.90 2.903
Inventory Turnover — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 228.00 — — — —
Receivables Turnover 3.51 12.75 7.44 34.15 13.32 24.78 9.86 27.40 17.49 32.25 16.49 23.99 22.01 33.67 28.29 24.22 17.86 33.56 35.13 35.127
Payables Turnover 0.99 2.83 6.50 5.26 4.73 5.99 6.20 9.26 4.92 15.11 12.26 80.59 11.30 118.77 122.15 88.67 125.54 347.20 127.07 127.067
DSO 104 29 49 11 27 15 37 13 21 11 22 15 17 11 13 15 20 11 10 10.4 days
DIO 0 -2 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 days
DPO 368 129 56 69 77 61 59 39 74 24 30 5 32 3 3 4 3 1 3 2.9 days
Cash Conversion Cycle -264 -102 -7 -59 -50 -47 -22 -26 -53 -13 -8 11 -16 8 10 13 18 10 8 7.5 days
Fixed Asset Turnover snapshot only 34.164
Cash Velocity snapshot only 11.234
Capital Intensity snapshot only 0.362
Growth (YoY)
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue — — — — 2.2% 54.4% 16.7% -9.7% 6.3% 19.6% 19.2% 23.1% 22.6% 20.5% 21.4% 20.1% 17.6% 21.1% 22.4% 22.43%
Net Income — — — — 2.7% 9.5% -9.7% -30.6% -6.8% 39.7% 47.2% 43.0% 36.4% 21.3% 11.4% 12.4% 7.3% 16.0% 18.6% 18.63%
EPS — — — — 2.7% 10.3% -9.4% -30.7% -7.0% 37.7% 46.1% 42.1% 37.2% 23.4% 12.9% 13.2% 7.9% 16.1% 19.0% 18.95%
FCF — — — — 3.4% 61.5% 44.6% 22.2% 38.3% 66.4% 49.5% 24.7% 14.8% 7.9% 6.3% 13.7% -1.9% 20.9% 15.3% 15.34%
EBITDA — — — — 2.0% 2.5% -10.7% -29.0% -3.2% 38.5% 37.8% 36.5% 31.3% 18.1% 11.7% 12.5% 6.7% 16.6% 21.5% 21.49%
Op. Income — — — — 1.9% -6.4% -21.1% -40.1% -13.0% 32.2% 37.3% 39.7% 31.3% 19.2% 17.4% 27.0% 24.6% 32.3% 29.2% 29.24%
OCF Growth snapshot only 8.28%
Asset Growth snapshot only 10.54%
Equity Growth snapshot only 18.26%
Debt Growth snapshot only -1.10%
Shares Change snapshot only -0.27%
Dividend Growth snapshot only 46.49%
Growth (CAGR)
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 61.0% 30.5% 19.1% 10.1% 15.3% 20.4% 21.0% 20.99%
Revenue 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EPS 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 68.3% 23.3% 14.3% 3.7% 11.2% 25.4% 25.2% 25.19%
EPS 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Net Income 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 68.1% 22.9% 14.0% 3.7% 10.9% 25.3% 24.9% 24.85%
Net Income 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EBITDA 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 56.0% 18.8% 11.2% 2.9% 10.7% 24.0% 23.2% 23.18%
EBITDA 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Gross Profit 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 49.7% 20.9% 11.0% 3.6% 10.1% 16.1% 15.6% 15.64%
Gross Profit 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Op. Income 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 48.6% 13.8% 8.3% 2.0% 12.5% 27.7% 27.7% 27.71%
Op. Income 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
FCF 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 90.6% 42.6% 31.9% 20.1% 15.9% 29.5% 22.4% 22.37%
FCF 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
OCF 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 93.8% 45.7% 34.0% 21.4% 16.0% 26.8% 20.0% 20.00%
OCF 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Assets 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 7.3% 1.3% 0.2% -1.5% -7.6% -8.4% -12.2% -12.23%
Assets 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Equity 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 3.8% -8.1% -10.5% -14.1% -12.5% -14.4% -17.3% -17.28%
Book Value 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 4.0% -7.8% -10.2% -14.2% -12.2% -14.3% -17.1% -17.06%
Dividend 3Y — — — — — — — — — — — — 12.7% -17.9% -23.4% -4.8% -6.6% 8.7% 13.8% 13.78%
Growth Quality
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue Stability — — — — — — — — 0.81 0.97 0.99 0.28 0.85 0.99 0.98 0.71 0.95 0.99 0.99 0.987
Earnings Stability — — — — — — — — 0.67 0.88 0.54 0.00 0.80 0.95 0.79 0.21 0.82 0.98 0.89 0.894
Margin Stability — — — — — — — — 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.931
Rev. Growth Consistency 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000
Earn. Growth Consistency 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000
FCF Positive Streak 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Earnings Persistence — — — — — — — — 0.97 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.91 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.925
Earnings Smoothness — — — — 0.00 0.91 0.90 0.64 0.93 0.67 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.81 0.89 0.88 0.93 0.85 0.83 0.830
ROE Trend — — — — — — — — 0.17 0.50 0.61 0.49 0.59 0.51 0.42 0.29 0.17 0.05 0.04 0.038
Gross Margin Trend — — — — — — — — -0.04 -0.05 -0.07 -0.13 -0.10 -0.09 -0.07 -0.05 -0.03 -0.01 -0.02 -0.016
FCF Margin Trend — — — — — — — — 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.06 -0.02 -0.04 -0.035
Sustainable Growth Rate -1.3% -64.4% -46.1% -22.9% 66.1% 41.5% 38.6% -20.6% -12.7% -59.4% -68.7% -22.5% -28.0% 13.6% 20.1% 3.2% 1.5% 3.6% -1.5% -1.46%
Internal Growth Rate — — — — 69.6% 42.4% 37.8% — — — — — — 7.9% 11.5% 1.8% 0.8% 2.1% — —
Cash Flow Quality
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
OCF/Net Income 0.80 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.96 1.16 1.29 1.42 1.43 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.10 1.20 1.14 1.141
FCF/OCF 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.977
FCF/Net Income snapshot only 1.115
OCF/EBITDA snapshot only 0.821
CapEx/Revenue 0.6% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 1.3% 2.0% 2.1% 2.2% 1.8% 1.4% 1.6% 2.0% 2.5% 2.9% 2.4% 1.7% 1.0% 0.3% 0.4% 0.36%
CapEx/Depreciation snapshot only 0.205
Accruals Ratio 0.03 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.02 -0.05 -0.08 -0.14 -0.13 -0.13 -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.15 -0.14 -0.15 -0.06 -0.13 -0.09 -0.094
Sloan Accruals snapshot only 0.026
Cash Flow Adequacy snapshot only 1.110
Earnings Quality Score snapshot only 0.750
Dividends & Buybacks
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Dividend Yield 6.2% 5.4% 16.4% 24.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 14.1% 14.2% 15.8% 22.7% 12.4% 12.0% 11.0% 7.6% 7.7% 7.8% 8.6% 12.6% 6.19%
Dividend/Share $0.20 $0.20 $0.20 $0.20 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.15 $0.15 $0.25 $0.30 $0.18 $0.21 $0.14 $0.13 $0.16 $0.17 $0.18 $0.20 $0.10
Payout Ratio 6.0% 2.3% 1.9% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 1.3% 1.9% 2.1% 1.3% 1.3% 87.9% 82.2% 97.1% 98.6% 96.9% 1.0% 1.01%
FCF Payout Ratio 7.7% 3.3% 2.5% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 93.0% 1.5% 1.7% 1.1% 1.2% 78.1% 71.7% 83.4% 95.1% 82.7% 90.8% 90.77%
Total Payout Ratio 6.0% 2.3% 1.9% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 1.3% 2.1% 2.2% 1.5% 1.6% 1.1% 1.0% 1.1% 1.0% 99.8% 1.0% 1.04%
Div. Increase Streak 0 0 0 0 — — — 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chowder Number — — — — — — — -0.13 — — — 0.37 0.55 -0.34 -0.48 -0.06 -0.11 0.37 0.59 0.587
Buyback Yield 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.9% 1.7% 2.3% 2.3% 2.7% 1.8% 0.9% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.35%
Net Buyback Yield 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% 1.6% -0.1% -0.6% -0.1% -0.7% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.13%
Total Shareholder Return 6.2% 5.4% 16.4% 24.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 14.1% 15.1% 16.8% 23.7% 14.0% 11.9% 10.3% 7.5% 7.0% 8.1% 8.8% 12.8% 12.78%
DuPont Factors
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Tax Burden (NI/EBT) 0.72 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.751
Interest Burden (EBT/EBIT) 0.83 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.013
EBIT Margin 0.38 0.44 0.39 0.38 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.302
Asset Turnover 0.66 1.21 1.49 1.79 1.56 1.42 1.31 1.56 1.35 1.61 1.53 2.05 1.92 2.46 2.44 2.63 2.51 2.85 2.90 2.903
Equity Multiplier 1.78 1.34 1.33 1.21 1.61 1.39 1.41 1.38 1.63 1.61 1.64 1.68 1.84 1.86 1.95 1.83 1.87 1.77 1.80 1.797
Per Share
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
EPS (Diluted TTM) $0.03 $0.09 $0.11 $0.15 $0.13 $0.10 $0.10 $0.10 $0.12 $0.13 $0.14 $0.14 $0.16 $0.16 $0.16 $0.16 $0.17 $0.19 $0.19 $0.19
Book Value/Share $0.13 $0.18 $0.20 $0.24 $0.25 $0.28 $0.31 $0.20 $0.21 $0.14 $0.14 $0.14 $0.14 $0.14 $0.15 $0.15 $0.17 $0.17 $0.17 $0.17
Tangible Book/Share $0.05 $0.10 $0.12 $0.16 $0.08 $0.10 $0.13 $0.03 $0.04 $-0.03 $-0.03 $-0.03 $-0.03 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.05 $0.05 $0.04 $0.04
Revenue/Share $0.15 $0.29 $0.40 $0.53 $0.48 $0.45 $0.47 $0.48 $0.51 $0.54 $0.56 $0.58 $0.63 $0.66 $0.68 $0.71 $0.75 $0.80 $0.84 $0.44
FCF/Share $0.03 $0.06 $0.08 $0.11 $0.11 $0.10 $0.12 $0.13 $0.16 $0.17 $0.17 $0.17 $0.18 $0.18 $0.19 $0.19 $0.18 $0.22 $0.22 $0.11
OCF/Share $0.03 $0.06 $0.08 $0.11 $0.12 $0.11 $0.13 $0.14 $0.17 $0.17 $0.18 $0.18 $0.20 $0.20 $0.20 $0.20 $0.19 $0.22 $0.22 $0.11
Cash/Share $0.07 $0.10 $0.12 $0.15 $0.18 $0.20 $0.23 $0.12 $0.17 $0.08 $0.07 $0.06 $0.09 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.08 $0.09 $0.07 $0.07
EBITDA/Share $0.06 $0.13 $0.16 $0.21 $0.17 $0.13 $0.14 $0.15 $0.17 $0.18 $0.19 $0.20 $0.22 $0.22 $0.22 $0.22 $0.23 $0.25 $0.27 $0.27
Debt/Share $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.07 $0.06 $0.06 $0.06 $0.06 $0.06 $0.05 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03
Net Debt/Share $-0.07 $-0.10 $-0.12 $-0.15 $-0.11 $-0.13 $-0.17 $-0.06 $-0.11 $-0.02 $-0.02 $-0.03 $-0.06 $-0.05 $-0.04 $-0.04 $-0.05 $-0.06 $-0.04 $-0.04
Academic Models
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Altman Z-Score — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 13.804
Altman Z-Prime snapshot only 21.551
Piotroski F-Score 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 4 5 5 5 6 8 7 8 8 9 9 8 8
Beneish M-Score — — — — -2.61 -2.77 -2.75 -3.29 -2.86 -2.99 -2.99 -2.68 -2.98 -3.19 -3.12 -3.25 -2.71 -2.79 -2.70 -2.697
Ohlson O-Score snapshot only -11.135
ROIC (Greenblatt) snapshot only 2.85%
Net-Net WC snapshot only $0.02
EVA snapshot only $53890589.78
Credit
Metric Trend Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Credit Rating snapshot only AAA
Credit Score 82.76 89.00 89.00 89.00 95.39 94.89 96.09 94.40 94.42 94.22 94.85 95.95 95.50 95.02 95.26 95.08 94.96 95.11 95.35 95.345
Credit Grade snapshot only 1
Credit Trend snapshot only 0.089
Implied Spread (bps) snapshot only 50.000
Industry Credit Rank snapshot only 90
Sector Credit Rank snapshot only 87

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