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Also trades as: 2018.HK (HKSE) · $vol 31M · AACAY (OTC) · $vol 0M

AACAF OTC

AAC Technologies Holdings Inc.
1W: +0.4% 1M: +0.4% 3M: +4.0% YTD: +2.9% 1Y: -13.2% 3Y: +171.2% 5Y: -4.0%
$4.99
+0.00 (+0.00%)
 
OTC · Technology · Hardware, Equipment & Parts · Tech Score Neutral · Power 62 · $5.8B mcap · 724M float · 0.0000% daily turnover · Short 100% of daily vol

Financial Rating

Composite financial health rating (A+ to F) based on discounted cash flow valuation, return on equity, return on assets, debt-to-equity leverage, and relative P/E and P/B multiples.

B+
Oct 02, 2026
DCF
4
ROE
3
ROA
4
D/E
1
P/E
3
P/B
4
The Financial Rating evaluates six fundamental factors — discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), debt-to-equity leverage (D/E), and relative price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) multiples — each scored 1–5. AACAF receives an overall rating of B+. Strongest factors: DCF (4/5), ROA (4/5), P/B (4/5). Areas of concern: D/E (1/5).
Rating Change History
DateFromTo
2026-10-02 A- B+
2026-08-11 None ADDED
2026-08-09 EXISTED None
2026-08-05 None ADDED
2026-08-02 EXISTED None
2026-07-29 None ADDED
2026-07-19 EXISTED None
2026-07-15 None ADDED
2026-07-11 EXISTED None
2026-07-07 None ADDED

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Proprietary multi-factor scorecard rating companies across seven fundamental dimensions — profitability, balance sheet strength, earnings quality, growth, value, momentum, and safety — each scored 0–100.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ — Grade A
Profitability
41
Balance Sheet
79
Earnings Quality
64
Growth
78
Value
—
Momentum
100
Safety
—
Cash Flow
51

Risk & Quality Signals

Academic financial models used by institutional investors to assess bankruptcy risk, earnings manipulation, financial strength, and credit quality.

Altman Z-Score
—
—
Piotroski F-Score
7/9
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓
Beneish M-Score
-2.67
Unlikely Manipulator
Ohlson O-Score
-9.92
Bankruptcy prob: 0.0%
Low Risk
Credit Rating
A+
Score: 76.8/100
Trend: Stable
Earnings Quality
75/100
OCF/NI: 2.19x
Accruals: -12.1%
The Piotroski F-Score (2000) is a 9-point binary checklist — four profitability tests (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, cash flow exceeding net income), three leverage tests (declining debt ratio, improving current ratio, no share dilution), and two efficiency tests (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Each pass scores 1 point. AACAF scores 7/9, signaling strong financial health across all three dimensions. The Beneish M-Score (1999) is an 8-variable model that detects earnings manipulation by comparing year-over-year changes in receivables, gross margins, asset quality, sales growth, depreciation, SG&A, leverage, and accruals. Scores above −1.78 statistically resemble past manipulators. AACAF's score of -2.67 falls below this threshold, suggesting earnings are unlikely to be manipulated. The Ohlson O-Score (1980) is a 9-variable logistic regression that estimates bankruptcy probability using firm size, leverage, working capital, current ratio, profitability (ROA), cash flow coverage, negative equity flag, consecutive losses flag, and earnings trajectory. The raw score is converted to a probability via logistic transformation. AACAF's implied 0.0% bankruptcy probability is well within safe territory. Our Credit Rating model scores companies on five weighted components — solvency (30%), earning power (25%), leverage (20%), liquidity (15%), and cash flow quality (10%) — then blends the absolute score with sector and industry peer rankings. For companies with large buyback programs, equity is adjusted by adding back cumulative 5-year repurchases (capped at 80% of FCF generated) to avoid penalizing shareholder-friendly capital allocation. AACAF receives an estimated rating of A+ (score: 76.8/100), with a stable trend. The Earnings Quality score measures how well reported earnings are backed by real cash. It evaluates the operating cash flow to net income ratio (OCF/NI ≥ 1.0 means every dollar of earnings is cash-backed) and the accruals ratio (the gap between earnings and cash flow relative to assets — lower is better). AACAF's score of 75/100 is high — cash flows strongly support reported earnings.

Valuation

Key valuation multiples comparing the stock's market price to its earnings, revenue, book value, and cash flows. Lower multiples may indicate relative undervaluation versus peers.

P/E
15.29x
PEG
0.30x
P/S
1.19x
P/B
1.59x
P/FCF
—
P/OCF
—
EV/EBITDA
—
EV/Revenue
—
EV/EBIT
—
EV/FCF
—
Earnings Yield
—
FCF Yield
—
Shareholder Yield
—
Graham Number
$43.83
Equity-based multiples (P/E, P/B, P/FCF) compare the stock price to per-share fundamentals and are affected by capital structure. Enterprise value multiples (EV/EBITDA, EV/Revenue, EV/FCF) strip out debt and cash, making them more useful for cross-company comparisons regardless of how companies are financed. The Graham Number — √(22.5 × EPS × Book Value) — is Benjamin Graham's formula for the maximum price a defensive investor should pay. At 15.3x earnings, AACAF trades at a reasonable valuation. Graham's intrinsic value formula yields $43.83 per share, suggesting a potential 778% margin of safety at the current price.

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

The 5-factor DuPont framework breaks Return on Equity into its component drivers — tax efficiency, interest burden, operating profitability, asset utilization, and financial leverage — to reveal what truly drives shareholder returns.

Tax Burden
0.888
NI / EBT
×
Interest Burden
1.050
EBT / EBIT
×
EBIT Margin
0.080
EBIT / Rev
×
Asset Turnover
1.354
Rev / Assets
×
Equity Multiplier
1.974
Assets / Equity
=
ROE
20.0%
The 5-factor DuPont identity decomposes ROE as: Tax Burden × Interest Burden × EBIT Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier = ROE. This reveals whether returns are driven by operating performance, financial leverage, or tax efficiency — three very different sources of profitability. AACAF's ROE of 20.0% is driven by Asset Turnover (1.354), indicating efficient use of assets to generate revenue.

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Our adaptation of Graham's growth formula (Fair P/E = 8.5 + 2g) from The Intelligent Investor. The classic version relies on analyst growth projections, which can be unreliable. This adjusted model substitutes the company's realized 3-year EPS CAGR — a backward-looking, verifiable measure of actual earnings power — grounding the valuation in demonstrated performance rather than forecasts.

Two adjustments we make, and why. Growth is capped at 15%. Graham defined g as expected growth over the next seven to ten years, not last year's rate. Across US companies since 1994 the median realized 7-year EPS growth is 5–8% regardless of how fast a company grew beforehand, and of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it. Uncapped, the formula assigned fair multiples in the hundreds to companies that had never held that rate — and scored worse than simply reading the P/E. Capped, it carries real information. The verdict has three states, not two. Tested over 377,249 stock-months, this ratio only separates outcomes at its extremes: below 0.25 beat the universe by 1.3 points a year, above 3.0 lagged by 2.7, and everything in between sat inside a one-point band. Rather than call two-thirds of the market "undervalued" on a threshold of 1.0, we say Neutral where the model cannot tell — which is most of the time.

Adj. Growth Rate
2.41%
Fair P/E
13.31x
Intrinsic Value
$53.95
Price/Value
—
Margin of Safety
—
Premium
—
Graham's classic formula uses analyst-projected growth to estimate a fair P/E (8.5 + 2g). Our adjusted version replaces that projection with AACAF's realized 2.4% 3-year EPS CAGR, capped at 15% — demonstrated performance rather than forecasts, held to a rate companies have historically sustained. AACAF trades at a premium to its adjusted intrinsic value of $53.95, suggesting the market is pricing in future growth beyond what historical earnings support. The adjusted fair P/E of 13.3x compares to the current market P/E of 15.3x.

Profitability Trends

Historical profitability ratios tracking how efficiently the company converts revenue into returns for shareholders over time.

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Debt and liquidity metrics showing the company's financial leverage and ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations.

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Operating efficiency metrics measuring how quickly the company converts inventory to sales, collects receivables, and manages its cash conversion cycle.

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Year-over-year growth rates for key financial metrics, showing the trajectory of revenue, earnings, and cash flow generation.

Earnings Stability

R-squared of linear regression measuring how predictably revenue, earnings, and margins follow a trend over the trailing 5 years. 1.0 = perfectly predictable; lower values indicate erratic or cyclical behavior.

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

Geometric Brownian Motion with 1,000 antithetic paths over 1 year, seeded from 1800 days of historical volatility. Percentile bands show the range of statistically plausible outcomes — this is a statistical model, not a forecast.

Current Price
$4.99
Median 1Y
$4.30
5th Pctile
$1.86
95th Pctile
$9.95
Ann. Volatility
54.1%
25th–75th percentile 5th–95th percentile Median path Historical
All Ratios & Metrics

Complete fundamental data with up to 20 periods of history, sparkline trends, and current values across 13 categories and 130+ financial metrics.

Profitability
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
ROE 61.2% 65.1% 64.8% 66.7% 55.1% 46.7% 32.6% 24.5% 18.6% 19.3% 13.7% 13.7% 10.0% 6.3% 7.1% 7.9% 11.4% 14.6% 18.5% 20.0% 20.00%
ROA 38.0% 41.7% 39.7% 42.1% 33.7% 29.0% 18.5% 14.4% 10.8% 11.0% 7.4% 7.6% 5.4% 3.4% 3.9% 4.1% 5.8% 7.5% 9.7% 10.1% 10.13%
ROIC 47.4% 46.7% 47.1% 47.9% 44.2% 36.7% 26.1% 18.6% 14.8% 14.4% 9.9% 9.7% 7.6% 3.6% 2.5% 3.4% 6.9% 9.5% 15.0% 15.7% 15.65%
ROCE 51.1% 56.2% 54.0% 54.7% 48.0% 39.3% 25.4% 19.2% 12.9% 12.1% 8.8% 8.8% 7.1% 3.9% 4.2% 4.6% 8.0% 10.4% 13.8% 14.8% 14.77%
Gross Margin 41.8% 41.0% 41.5% 36.7% 37.6% 27.5% 29.3% 23.2% 25.9% 28.1% 21.5% 18.9% 17.8% 14.1% 38.5% 21.5% 22.5% 20.7% 22.2% 21.1% 21.15%
Operating Margin 30.6% 28.2% 29.2% 23.2% 23.8% 11.1% 15.8% 4.6% 10.7% 11.4% 5.6% 4.2% 3.1% -0.3% 3.4% 6.0% 8.0% 5.8% 9.8% 6.6% 6.62%
Net Margin 26.9% 24.6% 25.6% 21.1% 20.8% 10.2% 14.1% 4.1% 12.8% 10.7% 4.4% 3.7% 4.2% 1.6% 10.5% 4.8% 7.8% 6.6% 8.8% 6.2% 6.21%
EBITDA Margin 35.9% 35.1% 34.8% 33.1% 33.1% 24.4% 26.0% 18.2% 23.9% 25.6% 20.0% 18.6% 15.4% 14.7% 31.6% 18.7% 17.3% 16.5% 18.2% 16.7% 16.66%
FCF Margin 8.5% 5.6% 3.7% 7.9% 8.2% 9.3% 10.5% 4.1% 1.1% -2.4% -5.2% -1.5% 3.8% 9.2% 16.6% 17.2% 11.5% 10.7% 10.3% 8.7% 8.75%
OCF Margin 31.5% 29.4% 27.6% 30.7% 30.8% 30.2% 29.5% 23.4% 21.2% 19.1% 16.6% 15.8% 17.1% 19.0% 25.4% 23.9% 17.2% 17.5% 16.4% 16.4% 16.43%
ROE 3Y Avg snapshot only 13.37%
ROE 5Y Avg snapshot only 23.77%
ROA 3Y Avg snapshot only 6.92%
ROIC 3Y Avg snapshot only 12.13%
ROIC Economic snapshot only 12.89%
Cash ROA snapshot only 21.46%
Cash ROIC snapshot only 37.16%
CROIC snapshot only 19.78%
NOPAT Margin snapshot only 6.92%
Pretax Margin snapshot only 8.43%
R&D / Revenue snapshot only 7.14%
SGA / Revenue snapshot only 6.85%
SBC / Revenue snapshot only 0.03%
Valuation
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
P/E Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 15.291
P/S Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.185
P/B Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.593
P/FCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
P/OCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/EBITDA — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/Revenue — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/EBIT — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/FCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Earnings Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
FCF Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
PEG Ratio snapshot only 0.296
Graham Number snapshot only $43.83
Leverage & Solvency
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Current Ratio 1.41 1.28 1.32 1.30 1.44 1.61 1.92 1.81 1.80 2.01 1.86 2.10 1.89 1.96 1.63 1.59 1.45 1.44 1.49 1.43 1.434
Quick Ratio 1.12 0.96 1.01 0.94 1.04 1.14 1.45 1.33 1.37 1.51 1.27 1.34 1.40 1.55 1.34 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.19 1.07 1.073
Debt/Equity 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.33 0.46 0.47 0.44 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.52 0.46 0.48 0.44 0.43 0.430
Net Debt/Equity 0.02 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.08 0.14 0.20 0.23 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.09 0.14 0.136
Debt/Assets 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.219
Debt/EBITDA 0.44 0.44 0.49 0.43 0.44 0.50 0.84 1.00 1.13 1.28 1.37 1.27 1.39 1.49 1.45 1.66 1.31 1.26 1.04 0.97 0.971
Net Debt/EBITDA 0.02 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.13 0.23 0.31 0.45 0.20 0.36 0.58 0.62 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.53 0.36 0.38 0.21 0.31 0.306
Interest Coverage — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 14.50 13.42 11.74 9.49 8.23 8.231
Equity Multiplier 1.71 1.64 1.75 1.63 1.58 1.58 1.77 1.76 1.84 1.91 1.93 1.85 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.98 2.05 2.02 2.01 1.97 1.967
Cash Ratio snapshot only 0.517
Debt Service Coverage snapshot only 17.655
Cash to Debt snapshot only 0.684
FCF to Debt snapshot only 0.523
Defensive Interval snapshot only 598.5 days
Efficiency & Turnover
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Asset Turnover 1.45 1.62 1.55 1.70 1.45 1.43 1.11 1.12 1.02 1.02 0.91 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.88 0.88 0.97 1.07 1.34 1.35 1.354
Inventory Turnover 8.19 8.17 8.39 10.04 8.01 8.12 6.84 7.44 7.02 6.92 5.60 5.71 7.18 7.99 6.50 5.93 7.83 8.73 12.22 10.99 10.990
Receivables Turnover 7.06 9.53 7.99 11.09 10.28 10.88 7.29 9.98 10.46 9.71 8.02 9.92 9.80 8.95 7.24 8.31 7.06 8.49 9.71 11.64 11.639
Payables Turnover 5.55 5.29 6.67 5.93 6.63 5.68 5.78 5.32 7.44 6.69 6.37 6.54 8.70 8.72 6.78 6.72 6.40 6.64 7.20 7.42 7.424
DSO 52 38 46 33 36 34 50 37 35 38 46 37 37 41 50 44 52 43 38 31 31.4 days
DIO 45 45 43 36 46 45 53 49 52 53 65 64 51 46 56 62 47 42 30 33 33.2 days
DPO 66 69 55 62 55 64 63 69 49 55 57 56 42 42 54 54 57 55 51 49 49.2 days
Cash Conversion Cycle 31 14 34 8 26 14 40 17 38 36 53 45 46 45 53 51 41 30 17 15 15.4 days
Fixed Asset Turnover snapshot only 3.014
Operating Cycle snapshot only 64.6 days
Cash Velocity snapshot only 8.728
Capital Intensity snapshot only 0.766
Growth (YoY)
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue 60.5% 74.7% 77.6% 75.8% 44.1% 22.4% -1.7% -10.3% -10.8% -5.5% -3.4% 2.7% 9.3% 7.9% 1.8% 2.5% 10.1% 18.9% 66.0% 66.0% 66.04%
Net Income 45.7% 58.2% 72.4% 68.5% 27.9% -3.1% -35.6% -53.3% -59.1% -50.0% -53.1% -37.4% -42.7% -64.8% -44.7% -38.7% 18.7% 1.4% 1.7% 1.7% 1.65%
EPS 45.7% 58.2% 73.2% 69.4% 28.6% -1.8% -34.9% -52.8% -58.7% -49.9% -52.9% -37.0% -42.4% -64.1% -43.5% -37.5% 21.5% 1.4% 1.8% 1.7% 1.73%
FCF 58.0% 79.6% 10.3% 5.3% 40.5% 1.0% 1.8% -53.7% -88.4% -1.2% -1.5% -1.4% 2.9% 5.2% 4.2% 12.5% 2.3% 37.5% 2.6% -15.6% -15.62%
EBITDA 61.0% 75.7% 85.5% 81.8% 42.5% 12.9% -18.1% -33.3% -39.0% -30.0% -27.1% -12.7% -8.3% -22.2% -14.0% -13.1% 6.8% 33.1% 57.3% 53.6% 53.56%
Op. Income 59.0% 75.2% 85.9% 80.4% 33.9% -1.3% -36.4% -53.6% -63.1% -54.7% -57.9% -44.1% -41.6% -69.2% -68.1% -58.9% -5.1% 1.4% 4.0% 3.1% 3.06%
OCF Growth snapshot only 14.33%
Asset Growth snapshot only 7.52%
Equity Growth snapshot only 8.35%
Debt Growth snapshot only -10.06%
Shares Change snapshot only -2.82%
Dividend Growth snapshot only 2.52%
Growth (CAGR)
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue 3Y 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 96.5% 68.4% 47.4% 38.3% 27.3% 26.4% 19.1% 17.4% 12.0% 7.7% -1.1% -1.9% 2.4% 6.6% 17.8% 20.4% 20.44%
Revenue 5Y — 1.3% 1.1% 79.8% 64.9% 63.4% 60.9% 63.3% 66.0% 61.9% 56.5% 52.3% 49.2% 37.3% 25.8% 22.7% 19.9% 21.0% 23.3% 22.5% 22.47%
EPS 3Y 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 87.4% 52.6% 21.0% 5.1% -8.2% -8.0% -19.0% -20.5% -32.6% -43.9% -44.3% -42.9% -33.9% -24.0% -9.3% 2.4% 2.41%
EPS 5Y — 1.3% 1.1% 76.8% 60.2% 54.8% 46.7% 40.3% 36.5% 34.2% 23.3% 19.4% 9.4% -8.6% -14.0% -14.5% -11.5% -7.4% -3.4% -3.0% -3.02%
Net Income 3Y 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 87.0% 52.0% 20.3% 4.5% -8.7% -8.5% -19.6% -21.1% -33.1% -44.5% -44.9% -43.7% -34.7% -25.1% -10.7% 0.5% 0.54%
Net Income 5Y — 1.3% 1.0% 76.6% 60.0% 54.4% 46.2% 39.9% 36.1% 33.8% 22.8% 18.9% 8.9% -9.2% -14.7% -15.2% -12.3% -8.4% -4.6% -4.4% -4.39%
EBITDA 3Y 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 91.9% 62.2% 37.9% 24.9% 11.9% 11.6% 3.4% 1.9% -7.2% -15.0% -19.9% -20.3% -15.8% -10.1% -0.5% 5.2% 5.20%
EBITDA 5Y — 1.3% 1.1% 80.4% 64.2% 59.9% 54.1% 51.3% 50.0% 47.7% 41.5% 37.6% 31.7% 18.4% 10.5% 8.1% 6.5% 7.6% 8.4% 7.1% 7.13%
Gross Profit 3Y 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 89.3% 59.2% 34.7% 23.0% 9.4% 9.1% 0.2% -2.8% -10.4% -18.4% -21.9% -21.0% -15.0% -7.9% 2.7% 8.4% 8.35%
Gross Profit 5Y — 1.2% 1.0% 76.5% 61.3% 57.8% 52.3% 50.8% 49.5% 46.2% 39.1% 34.2% 29.0% 15.1% 8.3% 6.7% 5.9% 8.0% 8.5% 7.6% 7.64%
Op. Income 3Y 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 86.6% 53.8% 25.7% 9.5% -7.7% -7.8% -20.8% -22.4% -33.9% -48.4% -56.0% -52.6% -41.1% -30.6% -12.5% -2.3% -2.30%
Op. Income 5Y — 1.3% 1.0% 78.5% 61.6% 55.5% 46.9% 40.3% 33.7% 31.4% 20.3% 16.2% 7.0% -12.7% -23.2% -21.3% -15.3% -10.4% -4.5% -4.8% -4.84%
FCF 3Y 81.1% 1.2% — — — 43.5% 29.8% -11.4% -36.4% — — — -14.3% 27.3% 63.0% 27.2% 14.3% 11.6% 16.7% 55.4% 55.36%
FCF 5Y — — — 1.1% 79.9% 60.3% 50.0% 26.6% -0.7% — — — — 24.5% 27.6% 25.3% 27.1% 38.5% 37.4% 61.2% 61.24%
OCF 3Y 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 62.6% 47.5% 25.3% 18.1% 14.5% 0.2% -2.6% -8.6% -7.0% -3.8% -9.9% -15.7% -11.2% -3.1% 7.1% 7.09%
OCF 5Y — 1.5% 1.2% 99.2% 83.1% 75.2% 67.4% 58.4% 54.3% 50.8% 44.6% 39.8% 39.5% 22.4% 22.1% 16.1% 9.9% 12.0% 11.0% 10.3% 10.34%
Assets 3Y 63.2% 59.1% 66.0% 56.1% 49.6% 45.4% 47.4% 46.4% 43.1% 44.1% 36.8% 31.7% 18.5% 17.1% 8.2% 15.4% 16.1% 17.6% 12.7% 11.2% 11.18%
Assets 5Y — 57.4% 57.1% 54.9% 51.8% 50.8% 51.7% 48.4% 47.4% 46.8% 44.3% 40.1% 35.2% 33.2% 29.5% 32.0% 28.6% 27.6% 24.4% 21.7% 21.67%
Equity 3Y 50.4% 50.0% 54.6% 49.8% 46.0% 40.2% 34.9% 34.5% 32.3% 31.2% 24.5% 23.3% 15.1% 12.8% 7.6% 8.1% 6.3% 8.4% 8.0% 7.1% 7.09%
Book Value 3Y 50.4% 50.0% 54.8% 50.0% 46.3% 40.8% 35.7% 35.2% 33.0% 31.9% 25.3% 24.2% 15.9% 14.1% 8.9% 9.4% 7.7% 10.0% 9.7% 9.1% 9.09%
Dividend 3Y 7.9% 12.4% 14.5% 19.8% 19.7% 10.0% 8.2% -18.9% -24.4% -41.0% -48.1% -35.7% -36.9% -22.8% -35.8% -28.2% -22.3% -1.6% 37.1% 53.4% 53.41%
Growth Quality
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue Stability 0.94 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.83 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.61 0.60 0.75 0.85 0.77 0.77 0.775
Earnings Stability 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.88 0.91 0.91 0.75 0.56 0.44 0.41 0.14 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.16 0.23 0.40 0.45 0.40 0.37 0.367
Margin Stability 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.69 0.69 0.691
Rev. Growth Consistency 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000
Earn. Growth Consistency 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.500
FCF Positive Streak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
Earnings Persistence 0.82 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.89 0.99 0.86 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.85 0.83 0.50 0.82 0.85 0.93 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.500
Earnings Smoothness 0.63 0.55 0.47 0.49 0.76 0.97 0.57 0.27 0.16 0.33 0.28 0.54 0.46 0.04 0.42 0.52 0.83 0.18 0.07 0.10 0.096
ROE Trend 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.06 -0.04 -0.11 -0.20 -0.29 -0.32 -0.30 -0.29 -0.26 -0.23 -0.24 -0.15 -0.10 -0.03 0.02 0.08 0.09 0.088
Gross Margin Trend -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.05 -0.09 -0.11 -0.14 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.14 -0.08 -0.06 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.006
FCF Margin Trend 0.05 -0.05 -0.07 -0.01 -0.00 0.04 0.06 -0.01 -0.07 -0.10 -0.12 -0.08 -0.01 0.06 0.14 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.009
Sustainable Growth Rate 41.8% 42.2% 44.2% 41.2% 31.9% 24.5% 12.5% 14.0% 10.4% 15.6% 11.2% 11.3% 8.1% 4.8% 6.6% 7.1% 10.6% 13.2% 17.1% 17.3% 17.32%
Internal Growth Rate 35.1% 37.1% 37.1% 35.2% 24.2% 18.0% 7.6% 9.0% 6.5% 9.7% 6.5% 6.7% 4.6% 2.6% 3.7% 3.8% 5.7% 7.4% 9.9% 9.6% 9.62%
Cash Flow Quality
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
OCF/Net Income 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.24 1.32 1.48 1.77 1.82 1.99 1.77 2.04 2.01 3.06 5.40 5.77 5.09 2.85 2.47 2.26 2.19 2.195
FCF/OCF 0.27 0.19 0.13 0.26 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.17 0.05 -0.13 -0.32 -0.10 0.22 0.49 0.65 0.72 0.67 0.61 0.62 0.53 0.532
FCF/Net Income snapshot only 1.168
OCF/EBITDA snapshot only 0.953
CapEx/Revenue 23.0% 23.8% 23.9% 22.9% 22.5% 20.9% 19.0% 19.3% 20.2% 21.5% 21.8% 17.3% 13.3% 9.8% 8.8% 6.6% 5.7% 6.8% 6.2% 7.7% 7.68%
CapEx/Depreciation snapshot only 0.835
Accruals Ratio -0.08 -0.06 -0.03 -0.10 -0.11 -0.14 -0.14 -0.12 -0.11 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.11 -0.15 -0.18 -0.17 -0.11 -0.11 -0.12 -0.12 -0.121
Sloan Accruals snapshot only -0.144
Cash Flow Adequacy snapshot only 1.891
Earnings Quality Score snapshot only 0.750
Dividends & Buybacks
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Dividend Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.89%
Dividend/Share $1.84 $2.29 $2.44 $3.05 $3.15 $3.05 $3.07 $1.62 $1.36 $0.62 $0.42 $0.42 $0.34 $0.28 $0.11 $0.15 $0.15 $0.26 $0.28 $0.54 $0.30
Payout Ratio 31.6% 35.1% 31.8% 38.2% 42.1% 47.5% 61.7% 43.0% 43.9% 19.2% 18.1% 17.9% 18.9% 24.3% 8.3% 10.4% 7.2% 9.3% 7.5% 13.4% 13.43%
FCF Payout Ratio 97.9% 1.6% 2.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.0% 97.9% 1.4% 4.4% — — — 27.9% 9.3% 2.2% 2.8% 3.8% 6.1% 5.3% 11.5% 11.49%
Total Payout Ratio 31.6% 38.2% 37.3% 43.4% 50.8% 58.1% 70.9% 55.2% 51.4% 19.2% 25.5% 27.5% 34.7% 72.1% 38.0% 35.0% 24.4% 35.1% 32.4% 41.9% 41.93%
Div. Increase Streak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chowder Number — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Buyback Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Net Buyback Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total Shareholder Return — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
DuPont Factors
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Tax Burden (NI/EBT) 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.93 1.15 1.12 1.02 0.97 0.88 0.89 0.888
Interest Burden (EBT/EBIT) 1.04 1.03 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.02 1.20 1.13 1.06 0.96 0.98 1.03 1.05 1.050
EBIT Margin 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.080
Asset Turnover 1.45 1.62 1.55 1.70 1.45 1.43 1.11 1.12 1.02 1.02 0.91 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.88 0.88 0.97 1.07 1.34 1.35 1.354
Equity Multiplier 1.61 1.56 1.63 1.58 1.63 1.61 1.76 1.70 1.72 1.76 1.85 1.81 1.85 1.87 1.85 1.92 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.97 1.974
Per Share
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
EPS (Diluted TTM) $5.81 $6.53 $7.65 $8.00 $7.47 $6.41 $4.98 $3.77 $3.09 $3.21 $2.34 $2.38 $1.78 $1.15 $1.32 $1.49 $2.16 $2.81 $3.72 $4.05 $4.05
Book Value/Share $11.55 $12.20 $14.36 $14.42 $15.51 $15.09 $16.01 $16.23 $17.51 $18.07 $18.11 $18.27 $18.01 $18.11 $18.56 $18.90 $19.36 $20.08 $21.15 $21.07 $22.01
Tangible Book/Share $11.42 $11.98 $14.17 $13.97 $15.16 $14.67 $15.59 $15.75 $17.13 $17.64 $17.72 $17.66 $17.49 $17.31 $18.05 $15.52 $16.13 $16.55 $17.74 $16.62 $16.62
Revenue/Share $22.19 $25.40 $29.97 $32.31 $32.15 $31.50 $29.80 $29.32 $28.98 $29.84 $28.90 $30.31 $31.85 $32.78 $30.06 $31.68 $35.87 $39.87 $51.06 $54.13 $28.75
FCF/Share $1.87 $1.42 $1.11 $2.55 $2.65 $2.93 $3.14 $1.19 $0.31 $-0.71 $-1.51 $-0.47 $1.20 $3.02 $4.99 $5.45 $4.11 $4.25 $5.24 $4.73 $2.87
OCF/Share $6.98 $7.46 $8.26 $9.94 $9.89 $9.51 $8.80 $6.85 $6.15 $5.69 $4.79 $4.79 $5.45 $6.22 $7.64 $7.56 $6.16 $6.96 $8.38 $8.89 $5.26
Cash/Share $3.15 $2.52 $3.30 $2.64 $3.40 $2.67 $4.56 $4.21 $6.24 $6.45 $5.02 $4.35 $5.95 $6.00 $5.79 $6.63 $6.41 $6.69 $7.49 $6.20 $6.21
EBITDA/Share $7.65 $8.80 $10.52 $11.25 $10.97 $10.06 $8.71 $7.58 $6.76 $7.06 $6.37 $6.66 $6.23 $5.60 $5.60 $5.90 $6.81 $7.63 $9.01 $9.33 $9.33
Debt/Share $3.33 $3.88 $5.15 $4.89 $4.85 $5.02 $7.30 $7.60 $7.62 $9.01 $8.72 $8.48 $8.67 $8.32 $8.12 $9.79 $8.90 $9.59 $9.40 $9.06 $9.06
Net Debt/Share $0.19 $1.37 $1.85 $2.24 $1.45 $2.35 $2.74 $3.38 $1.38 $2.56 $3.69 $4.13 $2.72 $2.32 $2.33 $3.16 $2.48 $2.90 $1.91 $2.86 $2.86
Academic Models
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Altman Z-Score — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Piotroski F-Score 7 6 7 6 7 6 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 6 7 5 8 8 7 7 7
Beneish M-Score -2.07 -2.09 -1.69 -2.39 -3.10 -3.07 -3.29 -2.83 -2.75 -2.56 -2.50 -2.54 -2.54 -2.47 -2.87 -2.44 -1.71 -2.21 -0.66 -2.67 -2.668
Ohlson O-Score snapshot only -9.921
ROIC (Greenblatt) snapshot only 18.78%
Net-Net WC snapshot only $-2.28
EVA snapshot only $1546842689.12
Credit
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Credit Rating snapshot only A+
Credit Score 79.25 76.10 74.15 79.25 79.25 79.25 76.40 73.10 71.30 72.65 69.80 71.15 73.10 75.80 77.75 77.75 74.60 74.60 75.25 76.75 76.750
Credit Grade snapshot only 5
Credit Trend snapshot only -1.000
Implied Spread (bps) snapshot only 125.000

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