— Know what they know.
Not Investment Advice
Also trades as: AI.PA (PAR) · $vol 164M · AIQUY (OTC) · $vol 10M · AIL.DE (XETRA) · $vol 0M · AI.VI (VIE) · $vol 0M

AIQUF OTC

L'Air Liquide S.A.
1W: -1.3% 1M: -5.0% 3M: -6.7% YTD: +1.3% 1Y: -8.6% 3Y: +17.9% 5Y: +19.4%
$189.05
+3.41 (+1.84%)
 
Weekly Expected Move ±3.7%
$175 $182 $189 $196 $203
OTC · Basic Materials · Chemicals - Specialty · Tech Score Sell · Power 32 · $120.2B mcap · 634M float · 0.0001% daily turnover · Short 43% of daily vol

Financial Rating

Composite financial health rating (A+ to F) based on discounted cash flow valuation, return on equity, return on assets, debt-to-equity leverage, and relative P/E and P/B multiples.

B
Oct 02, 2026
DCF
4
ROE
4
ROA
5
D/E
1
P/E
1
P/B
2
The Financial Rating evaluates six fundamental factors — discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), debt-to-equity leverage (D/E), and relative price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) multiples — each scored 1–5. AIQUF receives an overall rating of B. Strongest factors: DCF (4/5), ROE (4/5), ROA (5/5). Areas of concern: D/E (1/5), P/E (1/5), P/B (2/5).
Rating Change History
DateFromTo
2026-08-28 B- B
2026-08-10 B B-
2026-08-03 B+ B
2026-03-18 B B+
2026-03-16 None ADDED
2026-03-14 EXISTED None
2026-03-02 B+ B
2026-02-23 B B+
2026-02-09 None ADDED
2026-02-09 EXISTED None

InsiderStreet Scorecard

Proprietary multi-factor scorecard rating companies across seven fundamental dimensions — profitability, balance sheet strength, earnings quality, growth, value, momentum, and safety — each scored 0–100.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ — Grade A
Profitability
67
Balance Sheet
64
Earnings Quality
73
Growth
46
Value
—
Momentum
75
Safety
—
Cash Flow
42

Risk & Quality Signals

Academic financial models used by institutional investors to assess bankruptcy risk, earnings manipulation, financial strength, and credit quality.

Altman Z-Score
—
—
Piotroski F-Score
5/9
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Beneish M-Score
-1.95
Unlikely Manipulator
Ohlson O-Score
-9.23
Bankruptcy prob: 0.0%
Low Risk
Credit Rating
A-
Score: 67.3/100
Trend: Deteriorating
Earnings Quality
75/100
OCF/NI: 1.70x
Accruals: -9.1%
The Piotroski F-Score (2000) is a 9-point binary checklist — four profitability tests (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, cash flow exceeding net income), three leverage tests (declining debt ratio, improving current ratio, no share dilution), and two efficiency tests (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Each pass scores 1 point. AIQUF scores 5/9, indicating moderate financial health — some areas of strength offset by weaknesses in others. The Beneish M-Score (1999) is an 8-variable model that detects earnings manipulation by comparing year-over-year changes in receivables, gross margins, asset quality, sales growth, depreciation, SG&A, leverage, and accruals. Scores above −1.78 statistically resemble past manipulators. AIQUF's score of -1.95 falls below this threshold, suggesting earnings are unlikely to be manipulated. The Ohlson O-Score (1980) is a 9-variable logistic regression that estimates bankruptcy probability using firm size, leverage, working capital, current ratio, profitability (ROA), cash flow coverage, negative equity flag, consecutive losses flag, and earnings trajectory. The raw score is converted to a probability via logistic transformation. AIQUF's implied 0.0% bankruptcy probability is well within safe territory. Our Credit Rating model scores companies on five weighted components — solvency (30%), earning power (25%), leverage (20%), liquidity (15%), and cash flow quality (10%) — then blends the absolute score with sector and industry peer rankings. For companies with large buyback programs, equity is adjusted by adding back cumulative 5-year repurchases (capped at 80% of FCF generated) to avoid penalizing shareholder-friendly capital allocation. AIQUF receives an estimated rating of A- (score: 67.3/100), with a deteriorating trend. The Earnings Quality score measures how well reported earnings are backed by real cash. It evaluates the operating cash flow to net income ratio (OCF/NI ≥ 1.0 means every dollar of earnings is cash-backed) and the accruals ratio (the gap between earnings and cash flow relative to assets — lower is better). AIQUF's score of 75/100 is high — cash flows strongly support reported earnings.

Valuation

Key valuation multiples comparing the stock's market price to its earnings, revenue, book value, and cash flows. Lower multiples may indicate relative undervaluation versus peers.

P/E
29.14x
PEG
-17.31x
P/S
4.00x
P/B
4.09x
P/FCF
—
P/OCF
—
EV/EBITDA
—
EV/Revenue
—
EV/EBIT
—
EV/FCF
—
Earnings Yield
—
FCF Yield
—
Shareholder Yield
—
Graham Number
$101.17
Equity-based multiples (P/E, P/B, P/FCF) compare the stock price to per-share fundamentals and are affected by capital structure. Enterprise value multiples (EV/EBITDA, EV/Revenue, EV/FCF) strip out debt and cash, making them more useful for cross-company comparisons regardless of how companies are financed. The Graham Number — √(22.5 × EPS × Book Value) — is Benjamin Graham's formula for the maximum price a defensive investor should pay. At 29.1x earnings, AIQUF commands a growth premium. Graham's intrinsic value formula yields $101.17 per share, 87% below the current price.

DuPont Decomposition (5-Factor)

The 5-factor DuPont framework breaks Return on Equity into its component drivers — tax efficiency, interest burden, operating profitability, asset utilization, and financial leverage — to reveal what truly drives shareholder returns.

Tax Burden
0.720
NI / EBT
×
Interest Burden
0.900
EBT / EBIT
×
EBIT Margin
0.197
EBIT / Rev
×
Asset Turnover
1.026
Rev / Assets
×
Equity Multiplier
2.073
Assets / Equity
=
ROE
27.2%
The 5-factor DuPont identity decomposes ROE as: Tax Burden × Interest Burden × EBIT Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier = ROE. This reveals whether returns are driven by operating performance, financial leverage, or tax efficiency — three very different sources of profitability. AIQUF's ROE of 27.2% is driven by Asset Turnover (1.026), indicating efficient use of assets to generate revenue.

Graham-Dodd Adjusted Valuation

Our adaptation of Graham's growth formula (Fair P/E = 8.5 + 2g) from The Intelligent Investor. The classic version relies on analyst growth projections, which can be unreliable. This adjusted model substitutes the company's realized 3-year EPS CAGR — a backward-looking, verifiable measure of actual earnings power — grounding the valuation in demonstrated performance rather than forecasts.

Two adjustments we make, and why. Growth is capped at 15%. Graham defined g as expected growth over the next seven to ten years, not last year's rate. Across US companies since 1994 the median realized 7-year EPS growth is 5–8% regardless of how fast a company grew beforehand, and of 4,457 company-quarters that grew faster than 200%, none sustained it. Uncapped, the formula assigned fair multiples in the hundreds to companies that had never held that rate — and scored worse than simply reading the P/E. Capped, it carries real information. The verdict has three states, not two. Tested over 377,249 stock-months, this ratio only separates outcomes at its extremes: below 0.25 beat the universe by 1.3 points a year, above 3.0 lagged by 2.7, and everything in between sat inside a one-point band. Rather than call two-thirds of the market "undervalued" on a threshold of 1.0, we say Neutral where the model cannot tell — which is most of the time.

Adj. Growth Rate
12.59%
Fair P/E
33.68x
Intrinsic Value
$368.29
Price/Value
—
Margin of Safety
—
Premium
—
Graham's classic formula uses analyst-projected growth to estimate a fair P/E (8.5 + 2g). Our adjusted version replaces that projection with AIQUF's realized 12.6% 3-year EPS CAGR, capped at 15% — demonstrated performance rather than forecasts, held to a rate companies have historically sustained. AIQUF trades at a premium to its adjusted intrinsic value of $368.29, suggesting the market is pricing in future growth beyond what historical earnings support. The adjusted fair P/E of 33.7x compares to the current market P/E of 29.1x.

Profitability Trends

Historical profitability ratios tracking how efficiently the company converts revenue into returns for shareholders over time.

Leverage & Solvency Trends

Debt and liquidity metrics showing the company's financial leverage and ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations.

Efficiency & Working Capital Trends

Operating efficiency metrics measuring how quickly the company converts inventory to sales, collects receivables, and manages its cash conversion cycle.

Growth Trends (YoY %)

Year-over-year growth rates for key financial metrics, showing the trajectory of revenue, earnings, and cash flow generation.

Earnings Stability

R-squared of linear regression measuring how predictably revenue, earnings, and margins follow a trend over the trailing 5 years. 1.0 = perfectly predictable; lower values indicate erratic or cyclical behavior.

Monte Carlo Price Simulation

Geometric Brownian Motion with 1,000 antithetic paths over 1 year, seeded from 1800 days of historical volatility. Percentile bands show the range of statistically plausible outcomes — this is a statistical model, not a forecast.

Current Price
$189.05
Median 1Y
$193.86
5th Pctile
$120.33
95th Pctile
$313.10
Ann. Volatility
27.4%
25th–75th percentile 5th–95th percentile Median path Historical
All Ratios & Metrics

Complete fundamental data with up to 20 periods of history, sparkline trends, and current values across 13 categories and 130+ financial metrics.

Profitability
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
ROE 26.4% 26.8% 29.0% 30.4% 25.2% 26.8% 24.8% 25.3% 25.7% 26.5% 24.8% 25.3% 25.2% 27.5% 25.5% 26.1% 25.2% 27.1% 27.0% 27.2% 27.21%
ROA 10.4% 10.6% 11.7% 10.2% 10.1% 10.4% 10.3% 10.3% 11.1% 11.1% 11.1% 11.2% 11.7% 12.6% 12.3% 12.4% 12.6% 13.2% 13.6% 13.1% 13.13%
ROIC 12.4% 13.2% 16.4% 16.4% 17.5% 16.9% 16.2% 16.7% 19.2% 18.4% 18.3% 16.9% 19.0% 20.5% 21.6% 22.1% 20.4% 21.8% 21.4% 19.5% 19.46%
ROCE 14.7% 16.5% 17.5% 18.2% 18.4% 18.5% 18.5% 19.0% 20.6% 20.7% 19.5% 19.5% 21.0% 23.3% 23.8% 24.5% 22.6% 24.9% 23.9% 24.0% 23.99%
Gross Margin 62.8% 62.0% 62.1% 61.1% 60.1% 31.7% 34.1% 32.8% 34.6% 33.1% 30.6% 29.0% 29.1% 32.0% 32.4% 62.8% 63.2% 63.4% 36.6% 36.1% 36.09%
Operating Margin 15.0% 15.5% 15.1% 15.2% 15.6% 16.6% 18.1% 17.6% 19.4% 18.0% 17.7% 13.2% 18.9% 17.7% 19.0% 18.8% 17.8% 19.6% 21.5% 20.9% 20.92%
Net Margin 10.1% 9.3% 12.7% 10.2% 9.9% 9.7% 10.8% 10.5% 13.3% 11.4% 10.7% 9.2% 9.2% 12.3% 10.0% 12.6% 11.9% 13.1% 13.0% 13.2% 13.18%
EBITDA Margin 23.3% 24.3% 23.5% 23.8% 23.4% 25.6% 26.5% 27.7% 28.0% 27.0% 25.4% 23.6% 23.6% 25.6% 27.2% 27.4% 26.5% 28.8% 31.2% 30.5% 30.51%
FCF Margin 6.2% 5.2% 9.1% 9.9% 11.0% 11.0% 10.1% 10.0% 9.9% 10.0% 10.9% 9.7% 9.0% 9.3% 8.6% 9.9% 10.0% 10.1% 10.1% 7.8% 7.85%
OCF Margin 18.5% 17.1% 20.7% 20.9% 21.7% 21.8% 21.4% 21.9% 22.3% 23.0% 23.6% 21.9% 20.6% 20.8% 20.4% 22.0% 22.8% 23.2% 23.7% 21.7% 21.70%
ROE 3Y Avg snapshot only 24.74%
ROE 5Y Avg snapshot only 24.90%
ROA 3Y Avg snapshot only 11.77%
ROIC 3Y Avg snapshot only 13.89%
ROIC Economic snapshot only 19.02%
Cash ROA snapshot only 21.01%
Cash ROIC snapshot only 28.35%
CROIC snapshot only 10.26%
NOPAT Margin snapshot only 14.89%
Pretax Margin snapshot only 17.76%
R&D / Revenue snapshot only 0.75%
SGA / Revenue snapshot only 7.45%
SBC / Revenue snapshot only 0.00%
Valuation
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
P/E Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 29.137
P/S Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4.001
P/B Ratio — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4.085
P/FCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
P/OCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/EBITDA — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/Revenue — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/EBIT — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
EV/FCF — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Earnings Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
FCF Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Graham Number snapshot only $101.17
Leverage & Solvency
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Current Ratio 1.10 0.96 0.98 0.91 0.91 0.73 0.88 0.93 0.88 0.75 0.90 0.83 0.93 0.79 0.87 0.77 0.88 0.84 1.14 0.87 0.869
Quick Ratio 0.90 0.76 0.79 0.71 0.71 0.55 0.65 0.70 0.68 0.57 0.71 0.64 0.71 0.59 0.64 0.57 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.68 0.679
Debt/Equity 1.00 1.05 0.92 0.93 0.79 0.91 0.78 0.87 0.73 0.76 0.65 0.64 0.56 0.58 0.49 0.54 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.65 0.651
Net Debt/Equity 0.91 0.99 0.81 0.86 0.70 0.85 0.72 0.79 0.63 0.69 0.55 0.58 0.49 0.51 0.43 0.47 0.39 0.45 0.41 0.57 0.573
Debt/Assets 0.38 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.36 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.307
Debt/EBITDA 2.01 1.84 1.62 1.59 1.44 1.57 1.37 1.43 1.19 1.26 1.18 1.20 1.02 0.97 0.84 0.90 0.85 0.85 0.95 1.08 1.084
Net Debt/EBITDA 1.82 1.74 1.44 1.46 1.26 1.47 1.27 1.30 1.03 1.14 1.00 1.08 0.88 0.85 0.73 0.78 0.72 0.74 0.70 0.95 0.954
Interest Coverage — — — — — 26.82 14.31 10.02 7.73 8.34 8.72 9.38 10.28 10.48 10.08 10.26 12.40 14.80 17.50 18.26 18.255
Equity Multiplier 2.64 2.67 2.51 2.52 2.36 2.49 2.31 2.40 2.26 2.29 2.18 2.17 2.09 2.09 1.99 2.02 1.93 2.01 1.98 2.12 2.122
Cash Ratio snapshot only 0.180
Debt Service Coverage snapshot only 27.037
Cash to Debt snapshot only 0.119
FCF to Debt snapshot only 0.248
Defensive Interval snapshot only 150.1 days
Efficiency & Turnover
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Asset Turnover 0.99 1.07 1.11 0.96 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.97 0.97 1.02 1.16 1.22 1.21 1.14 1.08 1.11 1.08 1.03 1.026
Inventory Turnover 11.75 12.19 12.47 10.64 11.50 13.36 16.04 17.03 19.73 18.41 18.93 19.18 22.08 22.50 22.13 17.84 13.85 11.54 11.27 12.82 12.823
Receivables Turnover 11.40 12.17 12.84 12.52 14.73 14.52 15.97 16.20 18.02 16.38 16.95 17.40 20.33 20.61 20.23 17.95 18.13 17.87 18.43 14.14 14.142
Payables Turnover 8.18 8.14 9.31 6.46 13.12 8.13 24.17 11.19 30.70 10.93 26.09 11.25 32.60 13.49 17.19 10.25 11.57 7.48 7.42 8.44 8.445
DSO 32 30 28 29 25 25 23 23 20 22 22 21 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 26 25.8 days
DIO 31 30 29 34 32 27 23 21 18 20 19 19 17 16 16 20 26 32 32 28 28.5 days
DPO 45 45 39 56 28 45 15 33 12 33 14 32 11 27 21 36 32 49 49 43 43.2 days
Cash Conversion Cycle 18 15 19 7 29 8 31 11 27 9 27 8 23 7 13 5 15 3 3 11 11.1 days
Fixed Asset Turnover snapshot only 2.054
Operating Cycle snapshot only 54.3 days
Cash Velocity snapshot only 26.442
Capital Intensity snapshot only 1.033
Growth (YoY)
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue 48.8% 17.9% 22.2% 28.1% 20.8% 15.0% 11.6% 5.9% 2.5% 0.7% 2.1% 10.9% 25.6% 33.3% 31.3% 18.8% 2.6% -3.5% -6.2% -4.0% -4.04%
Net Income 50.0% 10.1% 19.6% 29.5% 21.1% 22.3% 7.0% 2.1% 7.5% 9.1% 15.0% 19.1% 14.0% 19.7% 16.6% 18.7% 19.8% 11.2% 16.9% 12.1% 12.06%
EPS 35.6% -2.4% 5.8% 14.5% 17.6% 21.8% -12.1% -7.6% -2.3% -1.2% 26.5% 18.5% 13.6% 19.2% 16.0% 18.3% 19.7% 10.9% 16.8% 1.8% 1.79%
FCF 1.5% 19.6% 1.7% 2.8% 1.1% 1.5% 23.1% 7.3% -7.9% -8.8% 10.6% 7.6% 14.1% 25.1% 4.1% 21.2% 14.5% 4.1% 9.1% -24.1% -24.14%
EBITDA 1.2% 56.1% 19.6% 22.0% 17.2% 13.6% 15.3% 15.1% 16.2% 14.0% 10.6% 11.0% 15.5% 19.9% 21.7% 19.1% 10.6% 8.0% 7.0% 8.4% 8.40%
Op. Income 45.8% 11.9% 14.0% 17.6% 15.3% 14.3% 18.4% 18.2% 19.2% 17.4% 13.0% 9.8% 19.0% 23.8% 24.9% 31.7% 11.0% 7.0% 5.5% 2.8% 2.77%
OCF Growth snapshot only -5.17%
Asset Growth snapshot only 12.63%
Equity Growth snapshot only 7.21%
Debt Growth snapshot only 29.85%
Shares Change snapshot only 10.10%
Dividend Growth snapshot only 14.38%
Growth (CAGR)
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue 3Y — — — — — — 78.0% 40.8% 22.6% 10.9% 11.6% 14.6% 15.9% 15.6% 14.3% 11.8% 9.7% 9.0% 7.9% 8.1% 8.13%
Revenue 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 49.8% 29.8% 18.9% 11.9% 11.4% 11.4% 11.40%
EPS 3Y — — — — — — 61.2% 28.9% 15.9% 5.5% 5.5% 7.8% 9.3% 12.8% 8.8% 9.0% 9.9% 9.3% 19.7% 12.6% 12.59%
EPS 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 43.8% 24.6% 16.2% 9.2% 9.8% 8.6% 8.58%
Net Income 3Y — — — — — — 79.5% 38.9% 25.0% 13.7% 13.7% 16.4% 14.1% 16.9% 12.8% 13.0% 13.6% 13.2% 16.1% 16.6% 16.59%
Net Income 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50.6% 30.5% 21.7% 14.4% 14.9% 15.9% 15.95%
EBITDA 3Y — — — — — — — 81.2% 45.0% 26.4% 15.1% 15.9% 16.3% 15.8% 15.8% 15.0% 14.0% 13.9% 12.9% 12.7% 12.75%
EBITDA 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 51.1% 31.2% 21.2% 14.7% 15.0% 15.01%
Gross Profit 3Y — — — — — — 62.4% 22.0% 0.1% -9.2% -9.7% -8.6% -9.1% -9.5% -10.0% -4.6% 0.7% 10.3% 15.3% 16.6% 16.64%
Gross Profit 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 30.4% 18.3% 13.0% 9.7% 9.5% 6.6% 6.58%
Op. Income 3Y — — — — — — 77.6% 42.6% 26.1% 14.5% 15.1% 15.1% 17.8% 18.4% 18.7% 19.6% 16.3% 15.8% 14.2% 14.1% 14.11%
Op. Income 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 51.2% 33.2% 21.5% 14.7% 15.0% 15.6% 15.61%
FCF 3Y — — — — — — 1.7% 88.3% 69.5% 38.9% 53.5% 64.3% 31.2% 41.0% 12.3% 11.9% 6.3% 5.9% 7.9% -0.3% -0.35%
FCF 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 87.9% 54.2% 44.8% 28.4% 32.7% 32.5% 32.47%
OCF 3Y — — — — — — 97.6% 49.8% 33.7% 20.0% 24.1% 27.8% 20.0% 23.3% 13.8% 13.6% 11.5% 11.3% 11.6% 7.8% 7.80%
OCF 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 57.9% 34.8% 25.8% 17.5% 18.8% 18.7% 18.71%
Assets 3Y — — — — — — 20.0% 20.5% 18.4% 17.8% 18.0% 4.7% 3.9% 5.1% 5.6% 6.5% 7.3% 4.2% 5.9% 8.6% 8.57%
Assets 5Y — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 13.9% 14.7% 15.4% 13.0% 12.8% 5.3% 5.27%
Equity 3Y — — — — — — 23.6% 19.9% 21.1% 18.2% 22.1% 24.3% 12.3% 14.0% 14.2% 14.7% 14.7% 11.8% 11.6% 13.1% 13.10%
Book Value 3Y — — — — — — 10.9% 11.3% 12.4% 9.7% 13.3% 15.2% 7.6% 10.0% 10.2% 10.6% 11.0% 7.9% 15.0% 9.2% 9.22%
Dividend 3Y — — — — — — -5.8% -3.8% -3.9% -3.1% -3.1% -4.0% -0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 2.5% 2.8% 3.3% 10.3% 4.3% 4.28%
Growth Quality
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Revenue Stability — — 0.91 0.97 0.98 1.00 0.86 0.90 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.94 0.91 0.83 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.89 0.88 0.93 0.930
Earnings Stability — — 0.89 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.81 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.82 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.972
Margin Stability — — 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.92 0.87 0.80 0.74 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.68 0.70 0.69 0.73 0.731
Rev. Growth Consistency 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000
Earn. Growth Consistency 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000
FCF Positive Streak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Earnings Persistence — — 0.92 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.97 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.96 0.93 0.95 0.952
Earnings Smoothness 0.60 0.90 0.82 0.74 0.81 0.80 0.93 0.98 0.93 0.91 0.86 0.83 0.87 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.89 0.84 0.89 0.886
ROE Trend — — 0.07 0.05 0.02 -0.01 -0.04 -0.03 0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.023
Gross Margin Trend — — 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.09 -0.16 -0.22 -0.29 -0.24 -0.22 -0.19 -0.17 -0.13 -0.09 0.03 0.16 0.24 0.25 0.15 0.149
FCF Margin Trend — — 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.020
Sustainable Growth Rate 12.7% 5.2% 14.7% 14.7% 12.3% 12.8% 11.6% 11.1% 12.1% 12.1% 11.7% 12.1% 12.2% 13.3% 12.4% 12.2% 12.2% 11.7% 12.5% 11.0% 10.98%
Internal Growth Rate 5.2% 2.1% 6.3% 5.2% 5.2% 5.3% 5.0% 4.7% 5.5% 5.3% 5.5% 5.6% 6.0% 6.5% 6.4% 6.2% 6.5% 6.0% 6.7% 5.6% 5.59%
Cash Flow Quality
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
OCF/Net Income 1.77 1.72 1.95 1.98 2.06 2.06 2.11 2.15 2.02 2.00 2.06 2.00 2.06 2.02 2.01 2.00 1.95 1.95 1.88 1.70 1.696
FCF/OCF 0.33 0.30 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.51 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.42 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.36 0.362
FCF/Net Income snapshot only 0.614
OCF/EBITDA snapshot only 0.743
CapEx/Revenue 12.4% 12.0% 11.5% 11.0% 10.7% 10.8% 11.4% 11.9% 12.4% 13.0% 12.7% 12.1% 11.6% 11.5% 11.6% 11.9% 12.7% 12.9% 13.6% 13.8% 13.85%
CapEx/Depreciation snapshot only 1.459
Accruals Ratio -0.08 -0.08 -0.11 -0.10 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.12 -0.13 -0.12 -0.13 -0.12 -0.13 -0.12 -0.09 -0.091
Sloan Accruals snapshot only -0.080
Cash Flow Adequacy snapshot only 1.010
Earnings Quality Score snapshot only 0.750
Dividends & Buybacks
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Dividend Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.98%
Dividend/Share $3.69 $5.67 $3.88 $4.28 $4.26 $4.47 $3.68 $4.31 $4.30 $4.60 $4.60 $4.76 $4.76 $5.19 $5.19 $5.70 $5.72 $6.35 $6.37 $6.53 $3.36
Payout Ratio 52.1% 80.6% 49.4% 51.6% 51.1% 52.1% 53.3% 56.2% 52.8% 54.4% 52.8% 52.4% 51.5% 51.5% 51.3% 53.1% 51.7% 56.8% 53.8% 59.7% 59.66%
FCF Payout Ratio 88.6% 1.6% 57.2% 55.2% 48.9% 50.2% 53.7% 57.2% 59.1% 62.6% 55.3% 59.1% 57.6% 56.7% 60.1% 58.6% 60.4% 66.9% 67.6% 97.2% 97.25%
Total Payout Ratio 57.1% 89.8% 53.3% 56.8% 56.2% 56.9% 58.2% 60.8% 57.1% 56.2% 54.6% 56.9% 55.8% 56.2% 55.9% 57.2% 56.6% 60.4% 57.3% 62.9% 62.87%
Div. Increase Streak 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Chowder Number — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Buyback Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Net Buyback Yield — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total Shareholder Return — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
DuPont Factors
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Tax Burden (NI/EBT) 0.69 0.69 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.720
Interest Burden (EBT/EBIT) 0.95 0.92 0.87 0.89 0.86 0.86 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.900
EBIT Margin 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.197
Asset Turnover 0.99 1.07 1.11 0.96 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.97 0.97 1.02 1.16 1.22 1.21 1.14 1.08 1.11 1.08 1.03 1.026
Equity Multiplier 2.55 2.52 2.47 2.99 2.49 2.57 2.41 2.46 2.31 2.38 2.24 2.27 2.16 2.18 2.08 2.09 2.00 2.05 1.98 2.07 2.073
Per Share
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
EPS (Diluted TTM) $7.09 $7.03 $7.85 $8.30 $8.34 $8.56 $6.90 $7.66 $8.15 $8.46 $8.72 $9.08 $9.25 $10.09 $10.12 $10.74 $11.07 $11.18 $11.83 $10.94 $10.94
Book Value/Share $33.04 $30.28 $31.48 $31.58 $34.08 $33.72 $29.89 $31.93 $32.30 $33.23 $37.40 $39.90 $41.19 $40.32 $42.18 $42.71 $46.59 $42.41 $45.41 $41.59 $42.82
Tangible Book/Share $1.90 $1.21 $3.60 $3.17 $5.44 $4.22 $5.34 $5.02 $7.07 $7.36 $10.48 $10.82 $12.73 $12.62 $14.74 $14.88 $17.68 $15.82 $18.76 $13.01 $13.01
Revenue/Share $67.58 $70.58 $74.24 $78.36 $79.26 $80.85 $68.01 $75.08 $73.87 $73.70 $76.35 $82.84 $92.45 $97.86 $99.80 $98.08 $94.83 $94.12 $93.57 $85.49 $42.48
FCF/Share $4.17 $3.64 $6.77 $7.76 $8.70 $8.90 $6.85 $7.53 $7.28 $7.35 $8.33 $8.06 $8.28 $9.15 $8.63 $9.74 $9.47 $9.49 $9.41 $6.71 $2.39
OCF/Share $12.52 $12.08 $15.34 $16.40 $17.19 $17.60 $14.59 $16.44 $16.46 $16.94 $17.99 $18.12 $19.02 $20.37 $20.32 $21.54 $21.60 $21.80 $22.18 $18.55 $8.42
Cash/Share $3.01 $1.73 $3.19 $2.29 $3.31 $1.99 $1.62 $2.57 $3.12 $2.42 $3.65 $2.64 $3.05 $2.97 $2.82 $3.09 $3.32 $2.84 $6.86 $3.23 $3.24
EBITDA/Share $16.54 $17.22 $17.85 $18.60 $18.83 $19.47 $16.90 $19.35 $19.88 $20.10 $20.56 $21.36 $22.86 $23.99 $24.90 $25.37 $25.28 $25.84 $26.62 $24.98 $24.98
Debt/Share $33.18 $31.72 $28.82 $29.48 $27.07 $30.65 $23.18 $27.66 $23.62 $25.35 $24.19 $25.63 $23.21 $23.35 $20.88 $22.95 $21.59 $21.89 $25.42 $27.07 $27.07
Net Debt/Share $30.18 $29.99 $25.63 $27.19 $23.77 $28.67 $21.55 $25.09 $20.50 $22.93 $20.53 $23.00 $20.17 $20.38 $18.06 $19.86 $18.27 $19.05 $18.55 $23.84 $23.84
Academic Models
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Altman Z-Score — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Piotroski F-Score 7 4 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 8 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 5
Beneish M-Score -2.38 -2.39 -2.65 -2.98 -3.14 -2.55 -2.63 -2.74 -2.70 -3.09 -2.84 -2.47 -2.47 -3.67 -2.98 -3.51 -2.87 -3.42 -3.14 -1.95 -1.953
Ohlson O-Score snapshot only -9.229
ROIC (Greenblatt) snapshot only 42.94%
Net-Net WC snapshot only $-29.89
EVA snapshot only $3940444625.42
Credit
Metric Trend Q4'16 Q2'17 Q4'17 Q2'18 Q4'18 Q2'19 Q4'19 Q2'20 Q4'20 Q2'21 Q4'21 Q2'22 Q4'22 Q2'23 Q4'23 Q2'24 Q4'24 Q2'25 Q4'25 Q2'26 Current
Credit Rating snapshot only A-
Credit Score 65.00 63.95 65.45 65.45 73.10 66.60 66.05 65.45 70.60 62.20 70.60 70.60 73.10 74.60 76.10 74.60 76.10 76.10 75.85 67.30 67.300
Credit Grade snapshot only 7
Credit Trend snapshot only -7.300
Implied Spread (bps) snapshot only 175.000

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